135. Recent selection in humans: Akey, 2009, p. 717.
136. Selective breeding of aggression in mice: Cairns, Gariépy, & Hood, 1990.
137. Measuring heritability: Plomin et al., 2008; Pinker, 2002, chap. 19.
138. Danish adoption study: Mednick, Gabrielli, & Hutchings, 1984.
139. Measures of aggression correlate with violent crime: Caspi et al., 2002; Guo, Roettger, & Cai, 2008b.
140. Heritability of aggression: Plomin et al., 2008, chap. 13; Bouchard & McGue, 2003; Eley, Lichtenstein, & Stevenson, 1999; Ligthart et al., 2005; Lykken, 1995; Raine, 2002; Rhee & Waldman, 2007; Rowe, 2002; Slutske et al., 1997; van Beijsterveldt, Bartels, Hudziak, & Boomsma, 2003; van den Oord, Boomsma, & Verhulst, 1994.
141. Aggression in separated twins: Bouchard & McGue, 2003, table 6.
142. Aggression in adoptees: van den Oord et al., 1994; see also Rhee & Waldman, 2007.
143. Aggression in twins: Cloninger & Gottesman, 1987; Eley et al., 1999; Ligthart et al., 2005; Rhee & Waldman, 2007; Slutske et al., 1997; van Beijsterveldt et al., 2003.
144. Meta-analysis of behavioral genetics of aggression: Rhee & Waldman, 2007.
145. Violent crime in twins: Cloninger & Gottesman, 1987.
146. Pedomorphy and self-domestication: Wrangham, 2009b; Wrangham & Pilbeam, 2001.
147. Heritability of gray matter distribution: Thompson et al., 2001.
148. Heritability of white matter connectivity: Chiang et al., 2009.
149. Making voles monogamous: McGraw & Young, 2010.
150. Testosterone and aggressive challenges: Archer, 2006b; Dabbs & Dabbs, 2000.
151. Testosterone receptor variation: Rajender et al., 2008; Roney, Simmons, & Lukaszewski, 2009.
152. MAO-A knockout and violence in humans: Brunner et al., 1993.
153. MAO-A variants and aggression: Alia-Klein et al., 2008; Caspi et al., 2002; Guo, Ou, Roettger, & Shih, 2008a; Guo et al., 2008b; McDermott et al., 2009; Meyer-Lindenberg, 2006.
154. MAO-A specific to violence: N. Alia-Klein, quoted in Holden, 2008, p. 894; Alia-Klein et al., 2008.
155. Effects of MAO-A depend on experience: Caspi et al., 2002; Guo et al., 2008b.
156. Modulating factor for MAO-A may be other genes: Harris, 2006; Guo et al., 2008b, p. 548.
157. Selection of MAO-A gene: Gilad, 2002.
158. Dopamine receptor & transporter genes: Guo et al., 2008b; Guo, Roettger, & Shih, 2007.
159. No evidence cited of recent selection of genes for behavior: Cochran & Harpending, 2009. See also Wade, 2006.
160. Warrior Gene furor: Holden, 2008; Lea & Chambers, 2007; Merriman & Cameron, 2007.
161. Problems for the Warrior Gene hypothesis: Merriman & Cameron, 2007.
162. Failure to replicate MAO-A–violence link in nonwhites: Widom & Brzustowicz, 2006.
163. “Genetically Capitalist?”: Clark, 2007b, p. 1. See also Clark, 2007a, p. 187.
164. Problems for Genetically Capitalist theory: Betzig, 2007; Bowles, 2007; Pomeranz, 2008.
165. Morality as a matter of fact: Harris, 2010; Nagel, 1970; Railton, 1986; Sayre-McCord, 1988.
166. Moralized versus nonmoralized preferences: Haidt, 2002; Rozin, 1997; Rozin et al., 1997.
167. Moral rationalization: Bandura, 1999; Baumeister, 1997.
168. Unjustified norms in moral development: Kohlberg, 1981.
169. Moral dumbfounding: Haidt, 2001.
170. Cross-culturally recurring moral themes: Fiske, 1991; Haidt, 2007; Rai & Fiske, 2011; Shweder et al., 1997.
171. Three ethics: Shweder et al., 1997.
172. Five foundations: Haidt, 2007.
173. Four relational models: Fiske, 1991, 1992, 2004a, 2004b; Haslam, 2004; Rai & Fiske, 2011.
174. Ritual gift exchange: Mauss, 1924/1990.
175. Harm/Care judgments track Fairness/Reciprocity judgments: Haidt, 2007.
176. Why Harm/Care to strangers equals Fairness/Reciprocity: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Trivers, 1971.
177. Extension of Market Pricing to formal institutions: Pinker, 2007b, chaps. 8 & 9; Lee & Pinker, 2010; Pinker et al., 2008; Pinker, 2010.
178. Rational-Legal reasoning and Market Pricing: Fiske, 1991, pp. 435, 47; Fiske, 2004b, p. 17.
179. Grammar of social and moral norms: Fiske, 2004b.
180. Nonmoralized social norms: Fiske, 2004b.
181. Norms in Shasta County: Ellickson, 1991.
182. Not “getting” social norms: Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock, 1999.
183. Sacred values and the psychology of taboo: Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
184. Rationale for taboos: Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock, 2003.
185. Reframing taboo tradeoffs: Fiske & Tetlock, 1997; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005; Tetlock, 1999, 2003.
186. Life insurance: Zelizer, 2005.
187. Cultural differences in relational models: Fiske, 1991, 1992, 2004a; Rai & Fiske, 2011.
188. Political ideologies and relational models: Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005; Tetlock, 2003.
189. Moral foundations and the liberal-conservative culture war: Haidt, 2007; Haidt & Graham, 2007; Haidt & Hersh, 2001.
190. Logic of humor: Koestler, 1964; Pinker, 1997, chap. 8.
191. Relational models and violence: Fiske, 1991, pp. 46–47, 130–33.
192. Null/asocial relational model: Fiske, 2004b.
193. Two kinds of dehumanization: Haslam, 2006.
194. Criminal justice as in-kind retribution: Carlsmith et al., 2002; see also Sargent, 2004.
195. Rational-Legal reasoning, Market Pricing, and utilitarianism: Rai & Fiske, 2011; Fiske, 1991, p. 47; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005.
196. Historical shift from Community Sharing to Market Pricing: Fiske & Tetlock, 1997, p. 278, note 3.
197. Liberals and conservatives: Haidt, 2007; Haidt & Graham, 2007; Haidt & Hersh, 2001.
198. We are all liberals now: Courtwright, 2010; Nash, 2009.
199. Market Pricing and utilitarianism: Rai & Fiske, 2011; Fiske, 1991, p. 47; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005.
200. Grammar of relational models: Fiske, 2004b; Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; Rai & Fiske, 2011.
201. Taboo, sacred values, and the Israel-Palestine conflict: Ginges et al., 2007.
203. Communal Sharing implies the group is eternal: Fiske, 1991, p. 44.
204. Hierarchy and history writing: Brown, 1988.
205. Nationalism and potted histories: Bell, 2007b; Scheff, 1994; Tyrrell, 2007; van Evera, 1994.
206. The word
dumbth
was coined by Steve Allen.
207. Blaming the Enlightenment for the Holocaust: See Menschenfreund, 2010. Examples from the left include Zygmunt Bauman, Michel Foucault, and Theodor Adorno; examples from defenders of religion include Dinesh D’Souza in
What’s so great about Christianity?
and theoconservatives such as Richard John Neuhaus; see Linker, 2007.
208. Historiometry: Simonton, 1990.
209. Intelligence, openness, and performance of U.S. presidents: Simonton, 2006.
210. Bush third-lowest among presidents: C-SPAN 2009 Historians presidential leadership survey, C-SPAN, 2010; J. Griffin & N. Hines, “Who’s the greatest? The Times U.S. presidential rankings,”
New York Times
, Mar. 24, 2010; Siena Research Institute, 2010.
211. Neither the best nor the brightest: Nixon is ranked 38th, 27th, and 30th among the 42 presidents in the historians’ polls cited in note 210, and 25th in intelligence; see Simonton, 2006, table 1, p. 516, column I-C (chosen because the IQ numbers are the most plausible).
212. The correlation and slope estimates are from a statistical analysis where battle deaths for all war-years in which the United States was a primary or secondary participant were regressed against the president’s IQ. Battle deaths are the “Best Estimate” figures from the PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset (Lacina, 2009); IQ estimates from Simonton, 2006, table 1, p. 516, column I-C.
213. Rationality and the Holocaust: Menschenfreund, 2010.
214. Emotional dog and rational tail: Haidt, 2001. Moral reasoning and moral intuition: Pizarro & Bloom, 2003.
215. Moral intuition and moral reasoning in the brain: Greene, in press; Greene et al., 2001.
216. Reason as slave of the passions: Hume, 1739/2000, p. 266.
217. Correlation of intelligence with self-control: Burks et al., 2009; Shamosh & Gray, 2008. Self-control and intelligence in the brain: Shamosh et al., 2008.
218. Emotional reaction to other races: Phelps et al., 2000.
219. Relational models, mathematical scales, and cognition: Fiske, 2004a.
220. Sadistic puppeteers: Gottschall, 2008.
221. Godwin: Quoted in Singer, 1981/2011, pp. 151–52.
222. Logic of morality: Nagel, 1970; Singer, 1981/2011.
223. Systematicity of reasoning: Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Pinker, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2007b.
224. Expanding circle: Singer, 1981/2011.
225. Escalator of reason: Singer, 1981/2011, pp. 88, 113–14.
226. Greek epitaph: Quoted in Singer, 1981/2011, p. 112.
227. Outstanding thinkers: Singer, 1981/2011, pp. 99–100.
228. Flynn’s Eureka: Flynn, 1984; Flynn, 2007.
229. Rising IQ around the world: Flynn, 2007, p. 2; Flynn, 1987.
230. Naming the Flynn Effect: Herrnstein & Murray, 1994.
231. Thirty countries: Flynn, 2007, p. 2.
232. Flynn Effect began in 1877: Flynn, 2007, p. 23.
233. Adult of 1910 would be retarded today: Flynn, 2007, p. 23.
234. Scientists’ consensus on intelligence: Deary, 2001; Gottfredson, 1997a; Neisser et al., 1996. Intelligence as a predictor of life success: Gottfredson, 1997b; Herrnstein & Murray, 1994.
235. Flynn Effect uncorrelated with testing fads: Flynn, 2007, p. 14.
236. Flynn Effect not in math, vocabulary, knowledge: Flynn, 2007; Greenfield, 2009. See also Wicherts et al., 2004.
237. Slight declines in SAT: Flynn, 2007, p. 20; Greenfield, 2009.
238. General intelligence: Deary, 2001; Flynn, 2007; Neisser et al., 1996.
239. Heritability of intelligence, lack of family influence: Bouchard & McGue, 2003; Harris, 1998/ 2008; Pinker, 2002; Plomin et al., 2008; Turkheimer, 2000.
240. General intelligence and the brain: Chiang et al., 2009; Deary, 2001; Thompson et al., 2001.
241. Flynn Effect not from hybrid vigor: Flynn, 2007, pp. 101–2. Flynn Effect not from gains in health and nutrition: Flynn, 2007, pp. 102–6.
242. Flynn Effect not in
g:
Flynn, 2007; Wicherts et al., 2004.
243. Visual complexity and IQ: Greenfield, 2009.
244. Prescientific versus postscientific reasoning: Flynn, 2007. See also Neisser, 1976; Tooby & Cosmides, in press; Pinker, 1997, pp. 302–6.
245. Dogs and rabbits: Flynn, 2007, p. 24.
246. Dialogues on similarity and hypotheticals: Cole, Gay, Glick, & Sharp, 1971; Luria, 1976; Neisser, 1976.
247. Schooling and formal operations: Flynn, 2007, p. 32.
248. Increases in schooling: Flynn, 2007, p. 32.
249. Reading comprehension: Rothstein, 1998, p. 19.
250. Changes in school tests: Genovese, 2002.
251. Shorthand abstractions: All of these terms increased in frequency during the 20th century, according to analyses of Google Books by the Bookworm program: Michel et al., 2011; see the caption to figure 7–1.
252. “on account of the economy”: G. Nunberg, Language commentary segment on
Fresh Air
, National Public Radio, 2001.
253. Concrete operations in Flynn’s father: J. Flynn, “What is intelligence: Beyond the Flynn effect,” Harvard Psychology Department Colloquium, Dec. 5, 2007; see also “The world is getting smarter,”
Economist/Intelligent Life
, Dec. 2007;
http://moreintelligentlife.com/node/654
.
254. Difficulty with proportions: Flynn, 2007, p. 30.
255. Thinking people are less punitive: Sargent, 2004.
256. “cultural renaissance”: Flynn, 1987, p. 187.
257. “squalid savages”: Roosevelt,
The winning of the West
(Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger), vol. 1, p. 65. “Dead Indians”: Quoted in Courtwright, 1996, p. 109.
258. Woodrow Wilson’s racism: Loewen, 1995, pp. 22–31.