75. Changes in laws allowing mate-guarding: Wilson & Daly, 1992.
76. Mandatory protection orders and prosecution: Suk, 2009, p. 10.
77. Wife-beating no big deal, selling LSD worse than rape: Rossi, Waite, Bose, & Berk, 1974.
78. When a man attacks a woman: Shotland & Straw, 1976.
79. Wife-beating now important: Johnson & Sigler, 2000.
80. Beating a wife with a belt: Johnson & Sigler, 2000.
81. Sexual symmetry in domestic violence: Archer, 2009; Straus, 1977/1978; Straus & Gelles, 1988.
82. Stereotype of rolling pin: Straus, 1977/1978, pp. 447–48.
83. Kinds of marital violence: Johnson, 2006; Johnson & Leone, 2005.
84. Men commit more serious domestic violence: Dobash et al., 1992; Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2003; Johnson, 2006; Johnson & Leone, 2005; Kimmel, 2002; Saunders, 2002.
85. Little change in small stuff: Straus, 1995; Straus & Kantor, 1994.
86. Decline began in 1985: Straus & Kantor, 1994, figure 2.
87. Women’s shelters save abusive men’s lives: Browne & Williams, 1989.
88. No reported trends for domestic violence in British Crime Survey Report: see Jansson, 2007.
89. Cross-national differences in domestic violence: Archer, 2006a.
90. WHO on domestic violence worldwide: Heise & Garcia-Moreno, 2002.
91. A fifth to a half: United Nations Population Fund, 2000.
92. Laws on violence against women: United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2003, appendix 1.
93. Atrocities against women: Kristof & WuDunn, 2009; United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2003.
94. Gender empowerment and individualism correlate with less violence against women: Archer, 2006a. The correlations reported in this paper did not control for affluence, but in a personal communication on May 18, 2010, Archer confirmed that both remain statistically significant when GDP per capita is entered into the regression.
95. Pressure to end violence against women: Kristof & WuDunn, 2009; United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2003.
96. International shaming campaigns: Nadelmann, 1990.
98. Universal embrace of gender equality: Pew Research Center, 2010.
99. Muslim attitudes toward women’s empowerment: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007; Mogahed, 2006.
100. Legendary exposures: Milner, 2000, pp. 206–8.
101. Infanticide: Breiner, 1990; Daly & Wilson, 1988; deMause, 1998; Hrdy, 1999; Milner, 2000; Piers, 1978; Resnick, 1970; Williamson, 1978.
102. Infanticide across cultures: Williamson, 1978. See also Daly & Wilson, 1988; Divale & Harris, 1976; Hrdy, 1999; Milner, 2000.
103. Ten to 50 percent: Milner, 2000, p. 3; see also Williamson, 1978.
104. “All families”: deMause, 1974, quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 2.
105. Histories of childhood: Breiner, 1990; deMause, 1974, 1998, 2008; Heywood, 2001; Hrdy, 1999; Milner, 2000.
106. Infanticide as “natural”: Milner, 2000, p. 537.
107. Life history theory: Daly & Wilson, 1988; Hagen, 1999; Hawkes, 2006; Hrdy, 1999; Maynard Smith, 1988, 1998.
108. More investment in suckling than bearing: Hagen, 1999.
109. Sunk-cost avoidance: Maynard Smith, 1998. Exception to sunk-cost avoidance: Dawkins & Brockmann, 1980.
110. Infanticide as triage: Daly & Wilson, 1988; Hagen, 1999; Hrdy, 1999.
111. Empirical test of triage theory: Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 37–60.
112. Yanomamö infanticide: Quoted in Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 51.
113. Lack of correlation between infanticide and warring: Williamson, 1978, p. 64.
114. Tylor: Quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 12.
115. Filthy newborns: Plutarch, “On affection for children,” quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 508.
116. Postpartum depression as adaptation: Hagen, 1999; Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 61–77.
117. Personhood ceremonies: Daly & Wilson, 1988; Milner, 2000.
118. Hundred million missing girls: Sen, 1990; Milner, 2000, chap. 8; N. D. Kristof, “Stark data on women: 100 million are missing,”
New York Times
, Nov. 5, 1991.
119. Female infanticide is ancient: Milner, 2000, pp. 236–45; see also Hudson & den Boer, 2002.
120. “if a boy gets sick”: Quoted in N. D. Kristof, “Stark data on women: 100 million are missing,”
New York Times
, Nov. 5, 1991.
121. Female infanticide: Milner, 2000, chap. 8; Hrdy, 1999; Hawkes, 1981; Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 53–56.
122. Infants in dunghills: Breiner, 1990, pp. 6–7.
123. Infanticide in medieval and early modern Europe: Milner, 2000; Hanlon, 2007; Hynes, in press.
124. Evolution of sex ratios: Maynard Smith, 1988, 1998.
125. ZPG theory: Divale & Harris, 1976. Problems for the ZPG theory: Chagnon, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Hawkes, 1981.
126. Trivers-Willard theory: Trivers & Willard, 1973. Problems with the theory: Hawkes, 1981; Hrdy, 1999.
127. Moderate support from wills: Hrdy, 1999.
128. Rarity of son-killing: Exceptions are the Shensi of China: Milner, 2000, p. 238; the Rendille of Kenya: Williamson, 1978, note 33; poor urban workers in 17th-century Parma: Hynes, in press.
129. Female infanticide as a free rider problem: Gottschall, 2008.
130. Female infanticide as a vicious circle: Chagnon, 1997; Gottschall, 2008.
131. Female infanticide and inheritance: Hawkes, 1981; Sen, 1990.
132. Daughter = water: Quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 130.
133. India and China today; Milner, 2000, pp. 236–45.
134. Gynecide today, trouble tomorrow: Hudson & den Boer, 2002.
136. Infanticidal mothers in America: Milner, 2000, p. 124; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Resnick, 1970.
137. Prohibition of infanticide in Judaism and Christianity: Milner, 2000, chap. 2; Breiner, 1990.
138. Mercier on newborns: Quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 512.
139. Morality of infanticide and the human life taboo: Brock, 1993; Glover, 1977; Green, 2001; Kohl, 1978; Singer, 1994; Tooley, 1972.
140. Infanticide distinguished from other child killings: Milner, 2000, p. 16.
141. Leniency in infanticide: Resnick, 1970.
142. Human mercy killing: From a memoir by Benjamin Franklin Bonney, quoted in Courtwright, 1996, pp. 118–19.
143. Slippery slope in the Holocaust: Glover, 1999.
144. Fuzziness of human life: Brock, 1993; Gazzaniga, 2005; Green, 2001; Singer, 1994.
145. Frigid indifference: W. Langer, quoted by Milner, 2000, p. 68. See also Hanlon, 2007; Hynes, in press.
146. Infanticide in the Middle Ages: Milner, 2000, p. 70.
147. Babies in latrines: Quoted in deMause, 1982, p. 31.
148. Inquisitions of servant girls: Milner, 2000, p. 71.
149. De facto infanticide in Europe: Milner, 2000, pp. 99–107; chaps. 3–5.
150. British coroner: Quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 100.
151. Statistics on abortion: Henshaw, 1990; Sedgh et al., 2007.
152. Onset of neural activity: Gazzaniga, 2005.
153. Conceptions of the minds of fetuses and other things: Gray, Gray, & Wegner, 2007.
154. Less corporal punishment among hunter-gatherers: Levinson, 1989; Milner, 2000, p. 267.
155. Spare the rod: Milner, 2000, p. 257.
156. “Spare the rod” variations: Heywood, 2001, p. 100.
157. Corporal punishment in medieval Europe: deMause, 1998.
158. Proportion of beaten children: Heywood, 2001, p. 100.
159. Executing children: A. Helms, “Review of Peter Martin’s ‘Samuel Johnson: A Biography,’ ”
Boston Globe,
Nov. 30, 2008.
160. German parenting: deMause, 2008, p. 10.
161. Ancient punishments: Milner, 2000, p. 267.
162. Japanese parenting: deMause, 2008.
163. English lullaby: Piers, 1978, quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 266.
164. Yiddish verse: Milner, 2000, pp. 386–89; see also Heywood, 2001, pp. 94–97; Daly & Wilson, 1999; Tatar, 2003.
165. Parent-offspring conflict: Dawkins, 1976/1989; Hrdy, 1999; Trivers, 1974, 1985.
166. German preacher: Quoted in Heywood, 2001, p. 33.
167. Locke, Rousseau, and the revolution in childhood: Heywood, 2001, pp. 23–24.
168. Locke: Quotes from Heywood, 2001, p. 23.
169. Rousseau: Quotes from Heywood, 2001, p. 24.
170. Reforms around the turn of the 20th century: Heywood, 2001; Zelizer, 1985.
171. Economically worthless, emotionally priceless: Zelizer, 1985.
172. Child Study movement and child welfare policies: White, 1996.
173. Child abuse analogized to animal abuse: H. Markel, “Case shined first light on abuse of children,”
New York Times
, Dec. 15, 2009.
174. Complexities in history of childhood: Heywood, 2001.
175. Advisories against spanking: Harris, 1998/2008; Straus, 1999.
176. Children should never, ever be spanked: Straus, 2005.
177. Skepticism about the harmfulness of spanking: Harris, 1998/2008.
178. Culture of honor: Nisbett & Cohen, 1996.
182. Corporal punishment decline: Straus, 2001, pp. 27–29; Straus, 2009; Straus & Kantor, 1995.
183. Declines in Europe: Straus, 2009.
184. Corporal punishment around the world: Straus, 2009.
185. Ethnic differences in spanking: Harris, 1998/2008.
187. Outlawing spanking: Straus, 2009.
189. International condemnation of corporal punishment: Human Rights Watch, 2008.
190. Child abuse checklist: Straus & Kantor, 1995.
192. Rate of violent deaths of children: A. Gentleman, “ ‘The fear is not in step with reality,’ ”
Guardian
, Mar. 4, 2010.
193. Columbine: Cullen, 2009.
194. Effects of bullying: P. Klass, “At last, facing down bullies (and their enablers),”
New York Times
, Jun. 9, 2009.
195. Anti-bullying movement: J. Saltzman, “Antibully law may face free speech challenges,”
Boston Globe
, May 4, 2010; W. Hu, “Schools’ gossip girls and boys get some lessons in empathy,”
New York Times
, Apr. 5, 2010; P. Klass, “At last, facing down bullies (and their enablers),”
New York Times
, Jun. 9, 2009.
197. School crime and safety: DeVoe et al., 2004.
198. Girls going wild: M. Males & M. Lind, “The myth of mean girls,”
New York Times
, Apr. 2, 2010; W. Koch, “Girls have not gone wild, juvenile violence study says,”
USA Today
, Nov. 20, 2008. See also Girls Study Group, 2008, for data through 2004.
199. Nurture Assumption: Harris, 1998/2008; see also Pinker, 2002, chap. 19; Harris, 2006; Wright & Beaver, 2005.
200. Food fight: S. Saulny, “25 Chicago students arrested for a middle-school food fight,”
New York Times
, Nov. 11, 2009.