Read The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined Online

Authors: Steven Pinker

Tags: #Sociology, #Psychology, #Science, #Amazon.com, #21st Century, #Crime, #Anthropology, #Social History, #Retail, #Criminology

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (169 page)

161. “glow in our eyes”: Quoted in Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 228.
162. “developing wings”: Quoted in J. Diamond, “Vengeance is ours,”
New Yorker
, Apr. 21, 2008.
163. “hot with . . . joy”: Quoted in Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 230.
164. Universality of revenge: McCullough, 2008, pp. 74–76; Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 221–27. Revenge in tribal warfare: Chagnon, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Keeley, 1996; Wiessner, 2006.
165. Revenge in homicides, shootings, bombings: McCullough et al., 2010.
166. Revenge in terrorism, riots, and wars: Atran, 2003; Horowitz, 2001; Mueller, 2006.
167. Declaring war in anger: Luard, 1986, p. 269.
168. Cataclysmic fury: G. Prange, quoted in Mueller, 2006, p. 59.
169. Alternatives to reprisal not considered after Pearl Harbor or 9/11: Mueller, 2006.
170. Bin Laden: “Full text: Bin Laden’s ‘Letter to America,’ ”
Observer
, Nov. 24, 2002;
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver
.
171. Revenge fantasies: Buss, 2005; Kenrick & Sheets, 1994.
172. Revenge in the lab: McCullough, 2008.
173. Drinking to salve frustrated revenge: Giancola, 2000.
174. Rage circuit: Panksepp, 1998.
175. Anger in the insula: Sanfey et al., 2003.
176. Neuroscience of revenge: de Quervain et al., 2004.
177. Neuroscience of revenge, empathy, and gender: Singer et al., 2006.
178. Men are from justice, women are from mercy: Gilligan, 1982.
179. Relational aggression in women: Crick et al., 2007; Geary, 2010.
180. Revenge as disease, forgiveness as cure: McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010.
181. Logic of deterrence: Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 128.
182. Models of the evolution of cooperation: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; McCullough, 2008; Nowak, 2006; Ridley, 1997; Sigmund, 1997.
183. Prisoner’s Dilemma as great idea: Poundstone, 1992.
184. First Iterated PD tournament: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981.
185. Reciprocal altruism: Trivers, 1971.
186. More recent tournaments: McCullough, 2008; Nowak, May, & Sigmund, 1995; Ridley, 1997; Sigmund, 1997.
187. Components of Tit for Tat: Axelrod, 1984/2006.
188. Indirect reciprocity: Nowak, 2006; Nowak & Sigmund, 1998.
189. Public Goods game: Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Herrmann, Thöni, & Gächter, 2008a; Ridley, 1997.
190. Tragedy of the Commons: Hardin, 1968.
191. Effectiveness of deterrence in economic games: Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Herrmann, Thöni, & Gächter, 2008b; McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010; Ridley, 1997.
192. Fear of revenge mitigates revenge: Diamond, 1977; see also Ford & Blegen, 1992.
193. Implacability of revenge: Frank, 1988; Schelling, 1960. Self-help justice: Black, 1983; Daly & Wilson, 1988.
194. Vengeful anger as a recalibration mechanism: Sell, Tooby, & Cosmides, 2009.
195. Target must know he has been singled out: Gollwitzer & Denzler, 2009.
196. Audience effects on revenge: Bolton & Zwick, 1995; Brown, 1968; Kim, Smirth, & Brigham, 1998.
197. Audience effects on fights: Felson, 1982.
198. Ultimatum game: Bolton & Zwick, 1995; Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Ridley, 1997; Sanfey et al., 2003.
199. Ultimatum game in the scanner: Sanfey et al., 2003.
200. Moralization Gap and escalation of revenge: Baumeister, 1997.
201. Boys in backseat: D. Gilbert, “He who cast the first stone probably didn’t,”
New York Times
, Jul. 24, 2006.
202. Two eyes for an eye: Shergill, Bays, Frith, & Wolpert, 2003.
203. Just deserts as justification of criminal punishment: Kaplan, 1973.
204. Bafflegab about justice: Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 256.
205. Deterrence versus just deserts: Carlsmith, Darley, & Robinson, 2002.
206. Pure justice as an antigaming strategy: Pinker, 2002, chap. 10.
207. Informal cooperation in Shasta County: Ellickson, 1991.
208. Spiteful punishment across societies: Herrmann et al., 2008a, 2008b.
209. Forgiveness as the dimmer of revenge: McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010.
210. Forgiveness in primates: de Waal, 1996.
211. Boys at war at Robbers Cave: Sherif, 1966.
212. Guilt, shame, embarrassment: Baumeister, Stillwell, & Heatherton, 1994; Haidt, 2002; Trivers, 1971.
213. Common knowledge: Chwe, 2001; Lee & Pinker, 2010; Lewis, 1969; Pinker, 2007b; Pinker, Nowak, & Lee, 2008.
214. Political apologies: Dodds, 2003b, accessed Jun. 28, 2010. See also Dodds, 2003a.
215. Tolerating injustice: Long & Brecke, 2003, pp. 70–71.
216. “If you want peace, work for peace”: Goldstein, 2011.
217. Reconciliation gestures: Long & Brecke, 2003, p. 72.
218. Shakespearean and Chekhovian tragedies: Oz, 1993, p. 260.
219. Occasional effectiveness of torture: Levinson, 2004a, p. 34; P. Finn, J. Warrick, & J. Tate, “Detainee became an asset,”
Washington Post
, Aug. 29, 2009.
220. Occasional justifiability of torture: Levinson, 2004a; Posner, 2004; Walzer, 2004.
221. Ineffectiveness of most torture: A. Grafton, “Say anything,”
New Republic
, Nov. 5, 2008.
222. Execution as entertainment: Tuchman, 1978.
223. Serial killers versus mass murderers: Schechter, 2003.
224. More serial murder scholars than serial murderers: Fox & Levin, 1999, p. 166.
225. Decline in the number of serial killers: C. Beam, “Blood loss: The decline of the serial killer,”
Slate
, Jan. 5, 2011.
226. Number of serial killers and victims: Fox & Levin, 1999, p. 167; J. A. Fox, cited in Schechter, 2003, p. 286.
227. No identifiable cause of serial killers: Schechter, 2003.
228. Morbid fascination: Nell, 2006; Tiger, 2006; Baumeister, 1997.
229. Sadism as dominance: Potegal, 2006.
230. Schadenfreude in the scanner: Takahashi et al., 2009.
231. Revenge turns off empathy: Singer et al., 2006. Revenge requires knowledge of victim’s awareness: Gollwitzer & Denzler, 2009.
232. More M than S: Baumeister, 1997; Baumeister & Campbell, 1999.
233. Intertwined circuits for sex and aggression: Panksepp, 1998.
234. Gun as hard-on: Quoted in Thayer, 2004, p. 191.
235. Killing as orgasm: Quoted in Baumeister, 1997, p. 224.
236. Martyrologies: Gallonio, 1903/2004; Puppi, 1990.
237. Women in peril in macabre entertainment: Schechter, 2005.
238. Aroused during flogging: Theweleit, 1977/1987, quoted in deMause, 2002, p. 217.
239. Male serial killers: Schechter, 2003, p. 31.
240. Female serial killers: Schechter, 2003, p. 31.
241. Guilt is anticipatory: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 10; Baumeister et al., 1994.
242. Prohibitions of torture: Levinson, 2004b.
243. Torture warrants: Dershowitz, 2004b.
244. Response to torture warrants: Dershowitz, 2004b; Levinson, 2004a.
245. Taboo against torture is useful: Levinson, 2004a; Posner, 2004.
246. Aversiveness of conspecifics in pain: de Waal, 1996; Preston & de Waal, 2002.
247. Reasons for aversiveness of pain displays: Hauser, 2000, pp. 219–23.
248. Anxiety while hurting others: Milgram, 1974.
249. Trolley Problem: Greene & Haidt, 2002; Greene et al., 2001.
250. Aversion to direct violence: Collins, 2008.
251. Ordinary Germans: Browning, 1992.
252. Nausea not soul-searching: Baumeister, 1997, p. 211.
253. Distinguishing fiction from reality: Sperber, 2000.
254. Blunted emotions in psychopathy: Blair, 2004; Hare, 1993; Raine et al., 2000.
255. Variability among guards: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 7.
256. Sadism as an acquired taste: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 7; Baumeister & Campbell, 1999.
257. Escalating sadism and serial killers: Baumeister, 1997; Schechter, 2003.
258. Opponent-process theory of motivation: Solomon, 1980.
259. Sadism and opponent-process theory: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 7; Baumeister & Campbell, 1999.
260. Benign masochism: Rozin, 1996. Benign masochism as an adaptation: Pinker, 1997, pp. 389, 540.
261. Ideological violence: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 6; Chirot & McCauley, 2006; Glover, 1999; Goldhagen, 2009; Kiernan, 2007; Valentino, 2004.
262. I thank Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington for this insight.
263. Group polarization: Myers & Lamm, 1976.
264. Groupthink: Janis, 1982.
265. Group animosity: Hoyle, Pinkley, & Insko, 1989; see also Baumeister, 1997, 193–94.
266. Obedience experiments: Milgram, 1974.
267. Fact and fiction about Kitty Genovese: Manning, Levine, & Collins, 2007. Bystander apathy: Latané & Darley, 1970.
268. Stanford Prison Experiment: Zimbardo, 2007; Zimbardo, Maslach, & Haney, 2000.
269. No Germans punished for disobedience: Goldhagen, 2009.
270. Milgram replication: Burger, 2009. See Reicher & Haslam, 2006, for a partial replication of the Stanford Prison Experiment, but with too many differences to allow a test of trends over time.
271. Obedience might be even lower: Twenge, 2009.
272. Advantages of conformity: Deutsch & Gerard, 1955.
273. Positive feedback loops in popularity: Salganik, Dodds, & Watts, 2006.
274. Pluralistic ignorance: Centola, Willer, & Macy, 2005; Willer et al., 2009.
275. Spiral of silence and Basque terrorism: Spencer & Croucher, 2008.
276. Asch conformity experiment: Asch, 1956.
277. Enforcement and pluralistic ignorance: Centola et al., 2005; Willer et al., 2009.
278. Too terrified to stop clapping: Glover, 1999, p. 242.
279. Thought control in Maoist China: Glover, 1999, pp. 292–93.
280. Simulated pluralistic ignorance: Centola et al., 2005.
281. Growth of fascism: Payne, 2005.
282. Six degrees of separation: Travers & Milgram, 1969.
283. Pluralistic ignorance in the lab: Willer et al., 2009.
284. Sokal Hoax: Sokal, 2000.
285. Cognitive dissonance: Festinger, 1957.
286. Moral disengagement: Bandura, 1999; Bandura, Underwood, & Fromson, 1975; Kelman, 1973; Milgram, 1974; Zimbardo, 2007; Baumeister, 1997, part 3.
287. Politics and the English Language: Orwell, 1946/1970.
288. Burke: Quoted in Nunberg, 2006, p. 20.
289. Euphemism, framing, and plausible deniability: Pinker, 2007b; Pinker et al., 2008.
290. Gradual slide into barbarism: Glover, 1999; Baumeister, 1997, chaps. 8 and 9.
291. Milgram experiment as Escalation game: Katz, 1987.
292. Diffusion of responsibility: Bandura et al., 1975; Milgram, 1974.
293. Diffusion of responsibility in military units and bureaucracies: Arendt, 1963; Baumeister, 1997; Browning, 1992; Glover, 1999.
294. Resistance to up-close harm: Greene, in press.
295. Psychic numbing through large numbers: Slovic, 2007.
296. Derogating the victim: Bandura et al., 1975.
297. Advantageous comparison: Bandura, 1999; Gabor, 1994.
298. A little psychology goes a long way: See also Kahneman & Renshon, 2007.
Chapter 9: Better Angels
 
1. Age of empathy: de Waal, 2009.
3. Building peace one child at a time: Gordon, 2009.
4. Faculties of peaceful coexistence: Dawkins, 1976/1989; McCullough, 2008; Nowak, 2006; Ridley, 1997.
5. Sentiments of virtue: Hume, 1751/2004.
6. Titchener on empathy: Titchener, 1909/1973.
7. Popularity of
empathy
,
willpower, self-control:
Based on an analysis of Google Books by the Bookworm program, Michel et al., 2011; see the caption to figure 7–1.

Other books

Broken Creek (The Creek #1) by Abbie St. Claire
The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, Craig Deitschmann
Flex by Steinmetz, Ferrett
A Time of Miracles by Anne-Laure Bondoux
Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald, JAMES L. W. WEST III
Secret Star by Nancy Springer
The Third Eye Initiative by J. J. Newman
Redeeming Angel by JL Weil


readsbookonline.com Copyright 2016 - 2024