Crown & Country: A History of England Through the Monarchy (79 page)

Barry, Charles 462

Bashir, Martin 494

Basset, Ralph 146

‘bastard feudalism’ 256–7

Bath 19, 62–4, 65, 160, 176–7

Bath peace conference (1140) 160

Bayeux Tapestry 79, 86, 91, 106

BBC 482–3

Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Warwick 250

Beaufort, Edmund 250

Beaufort, Margaret 262, 272, 273, 275

Becket, Thomas 174–5, 180–1, 184, 185–92, 193, 194, 212, 244

Beckford, William 433

Bede 4, 12–13, 17–18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 56, 58, 60, 104, 134

Bellême, Robert of, Earl of Shrewsbury 137–8, 141, 176

Benedict, Saint 62, 63

Beorhtric, King of Wessex 42

Beorn, Earl 81

Beornwulf, King of Mercia 42

Beowulf
25–6

Bertha, Queen of Kent 29, 30, 31, 33

Berwick-on-Tweed, battle of (1640) 336

Bigod, Hugh, Earl of Norfolk 169

Bill of Rights (1689) 394, 395, 452

Biscop, Bishop Benedict 13

Black Death 232, 236, 242

Blenheim, battle of (1704) 398, 408, 411

Bluetooth, Harold 66, 69

Boer War (1880–81) 474

Boethius 58

Boleyn, Anne 288, 289, 290–1, 293, 294, 298, 304

Bonaparte, Napoleon 446, 447–9, 452

Bond of Association (1584) 318

Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury 207

Boniface, Saint 36

boroughs, establishment of English 54–5

Boston Tea Party (1773) 436

Bosworth, battle of (1485) 273–4, 281

Boudicca, Queen 8

Bouvines, battle of (1214) 200

Brémule, battle of (1119) 138–9, 140, 147

Brétigny, Treaty of (1360) 232

Bride’s Ale Revolt (1075) 113, 114

Bridgnorth Castle 137–8, 139, 156, 175–6

Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money
(Josiah Child) 363–4

Bristol Castle 162

Britain: Anglo-Saxon 12–97; Empire 357–462; modern 465–500; Norman xii, xx, 19, 50, 59, 68, 69, 72, 77, 79, 81, 83, 86, 91–2, 93, 94, 96–7, 101–72, 199, 216, 229, 231, 232, 243, 251, 256, 278, 378; Roman 3–12; union of England and Scotland 322–9, 419–13, 415, 416, 428, 450
see also
England; Scotland; Wales

Britannia (Roman Britain) 4, 5–12, 15, 20–1, 28, 33, 36, 43, 50, 53, 64

British Council of the cities 12

Brito, Richard 192

Britons 33

Brittany, Alan, Count of 158

Brittany 103, 117, 158, 194, 195, 199, 266, 270, 273, 275

Bruce, Robert the 217, 220, 223–4

Brunanburgh, battle of (937) 60, 61, 67

Buchanan, George 323, 325, 327

Buckingham Palace, London 451, 467, 472, 477, 478, 483, 485, 486, 492

Bunting, Hugo 214–15

Burgh, Hubert de, 1st Earl of Kent 203, 204, 207

Burghal Hidage 54

burhs
(fortified settlements) 54–5, 59, 73, 84, 90

Burke, Edmund 442–3, 446, 449, 454

Burnet, Gilbert 396

Byng, Admiral 439

Byrhtnoth 67

Byzantium 26, 27

Cade, Jack 252

Caerleon, Dr Lewis 272–3

Caernarfon Castle, Wales 213, 216

Caesar, Julius 6–7, 349

Calvinism 368, 399, 400

Cambridge University 291, 292

Canada 431, 432, 434, 474, 482

Canterbury 29, 31, 33, 37, 81, 131, 154, 184, 187, 192, 193, 194, 267
see also under individual archbishop of

Carausius 14

Carlos II, King of Spain 406

Caroline of Ansbach, Queen 421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 432, 445–6, 448, 453, 496

Cassivellaunus 6–7

Catherine of Aragon, Queen 282, 283, 284, 286–7, 288, 289, 292, 294, 295, 298, 304

Catherine of Braganza, Queen 148, 369–70, 375

Catherine of Valois, Queen 247, 248, 250

Catuvellauni 7, 8

Cecil, Sir William 312–13, 314, 315, 316, 318–19, 321–2

Celts 15, 33, 34–5, 140

Cenwulf, King of Mercia 41, 42, 49, 58

Chamberlain, Joseph 471

Chamberlain, Neville 485

charitable works 479–80, 497–500

Charlemagne, Emperor 39, 40, 42, 46, 58

Charles I, King xix, 85, 261, 330–9, 340, 341, 342–7, 350, 351, 355, 359, 360–1, 367–8, 371, 377, 384, 392, 440

Charles II, King 79, 148, 347–9, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360–3, 364, 365, 366–7, 369–70, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 384, 393, 400, 422, 440, 450

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292, 295, 305

Charles VI, King of France 247, 250

Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’) 427–8

Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor 46

Charles, Prince of Wales 491, 493–4, 495–500

Charlotte of Hanover, Princess 446

Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen 433, 443

Chatham dockyard 431

Chippendale, Thomas 499

chivalry 139–40, 141, 149, 159, 170, 195, 197, 227, 228, 234, 462, 478

Chlorus, Constantine 15

Chronicle
(Adam of Usk) 243

Chroniques
(Jean Froissart) 228, 230–1

Church: Anglo-Saxon conversion to Christianity 28–32, 58; Queen Anne and 406, 407; Archbishop of Canterbury as head of 38; birth of English 29–33; ‘canon’ law 181, 184, 190; Celtic and Roman Christianity clash within Anglo-Saxon Britain 34–5; Charles and Camilla wedding, role in 495; Charles I and 333–4, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341; Charles II and 356, 361, 362, 366, 368; church building 66, 86, 204
see also under individual church name
; Church of England 293, 299, 300, 309, 314–15, 319, 321, 322, 327, 330, 333, 362, 368, 370, 371, 376, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385–6, 387, 396, 420, 483, 495, 496; Civil War and 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455; Clarendon Code 362, 367, 368; clerical jobs filled by clergyman/‘criminous clerks’ 182, 189–90, 191; Constitutions of Clarendon 191; Convocation 293–4, 377; Council of Tours, 1163 187–8; Councils of the English Church 15, 34, 38, 40, 111–12, 159, 162, 164, 184; Covenanters 334, 335, 337, 344, 375; Easter 80, 399; Edict of Nantes (1598) 383, 386; Edward VI and 302, 303, 304, 306; Elizabeth I and 314–15, 319, 321–2; English monarch as Supreme Head of English Church/ Henry VIII breaks with Rome 295–9, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 333, 337, 355, 360, 370, 378, 379, 395, 396, 397; Exclusion Bill Crisis and 370, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381; George I and 420; Henry I and 130, 131, 140; Henry II and 180, 181–92, 193; Henry III and 204, 206, 207, 208; Henry VIII and 283, 284, 287–99, 300, 301, 302; influence reaches height within England during reign of Stephen 158–9, 183–4; James I and 326–7, 330; James II and 370, 376, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385; John and 199–200, 201; Magna Carta and 20; Mary I and 309, 310, 311; monasteries 13, 29, 34, 35, 36, 43, 62–3, 65, 89, 109, 110, 120, 121, 165, 181, 184, 187, 190, 207, 228, 296–7, 299; Normanisation of English 111–12; Offa and 38; pagan Anglo-Saxons and 27–32; Prince Charles and 495, 496, 497; Protestant Reformation 287, 299, 301, 303, 306, 334, 340, 360, 399, 493; Protestantism 287, 299, 301–28, 331–4, 340, 342, 360, 361, 362, 367, 368, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391, 394, 395, 396, 400, 406, 408–11, 421, 445, 452; Puritans 326, 327, 333–4, 337, 339, 341, 344, 351, 443, 473; Richard III and 239; Roman 15, 29, 30, 31; Stephen and 155–6, 158, 159, 163, 170, 183–4; structure of English worked out 32–3; Supremacy, Act of Royal (1534) 295–9, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 333, 337, 355, 360, 370, 378, 379, 395, 396, 397; Test Act, 1673 and 370–1, 384–5, 386; William II and 121, 127–8, 129; William the Conqueror and 111–12

Church of England 293–9, 309, 314, 319, 321, 322, 323, 327, 330, 333, 362, 368, 370, 371, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385–6, 387, 396, 420, 483, 495, 496
see also
Church

Churchill, John, Lord, Duke of Marlborough 391–2, 398, 402, 407, 408, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 421, 427

Churchill, Sarah 391–2, 398, 407, 413, 414

Churchill, Winston 433, 484, 485, 486

Civil List 402, 425

Civil War (1642–51) 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455

Civil War, Second (1648–49) 345–6

civil wars 5, 7, 75, 77, 82, 85, 92, 93, 154–72, 175, 176, 183, 195, 201, 203, 205, 206, 212, 224–5, 234, 252, 254–5, 280, 316, 324, 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455

Clare family 129

Clarence House 451

Clarendon Code 362, 367, 368

Claudius, Emperor 7, 8, 30

Clement VII, Pope 289

Clive of India, Robert, 1st Baron Clive 431

Cloth of Estate 395

Clotilda, Queen 28

Clovis, King 28, 29

Cnut, King 69, 71–4, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 114, 132, 165

Cobham, Richard Temple, Viscount 426–7

Cogidubnus, King 8

coinage 38–9, 40, 54, 63, 71, 79, 88, 145–7, 166–7, 246, 352, 429

Coleman, Edward 372

Cologne 390–1

Columba, Saint 34

Commonwealth of Dominions 437, 487, 488, 492

Commonwealth of England 346, 347–56, 396

Companions of Honour 479

Congress of Berlin (1878) 470

Congress of Vienna (1815) 402

Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 73, 77

Consolation of Philosophy
(Boethius) 58

Constantine, Emperor 15

constitutional ideas: 1014 settlement, Æthelred 69–70, 71; 1016 settlement, Oxford
witan
73–4; Anglo-Saxon 21, 50–1, 63, 66, 69–70, 71, 73–4, 75–6, 84–5, 97; Bill of Rights (1689) 394, 395, 452; Church and
see
Church; Coronation Charter, Henry I 131, 132; limited monarchy 268–70, 277–8; machinery to depose a crowned monarch, lack of 225; Magna Carta 3, 69, 70, 132, 201–2, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 211, 218, 219, 234, 277, 294; Parliament, birth of 209–10
see also
Parliament; Petition of Right (1628) 70; Provisions of Oxford (1258) 210, 211; Reform Act (1832) 455–6, 459, 477, 496; Reform Act, Second (1867) 467; William the Conqueror’s coronation and (1066) 104–5

Constitutions of Clarendon 191

Conteville, Herliun de 105

Cooper, Anthony Ashley ‘Tapski’, Earl of Shaftesbury 373, 374, 376, 377

Cornish rebellion (1496) 276–7

Cornwall 52, 159, 172, 276–7

Cornwallis, Lord 439

Coronation Chair 352, 497

Coronation of His Most Sacred Majesty King George the Fourth, The
(Sir George Nayler) 449

coronation rituals 88; Alfred the Great 55–6; Charles I 330–1; Charles II 356; Cromwell 35; crowns 27, 38, 46, 62, 88, 126, 235–6, 261, 274, 279, 296, 302, 321, 325, 327–8, 330, 339, 340, 347, 352, 356, 373, 466, 468, 473, 476, 489; Edgar 63–4, 65, 176; Edward I 214; Edward II 221; Edward the Confessor 80, 91; Edward VI 302; Edward VII 473, 474; Edward VIII 483; Elizabeth II 488–90; first coronation of an English queen 46; George I 421; George IV 448–9, 450; Henry I and 130–1; Henry II 172; Henry III 192, 202; Henry VI 249; James II 379; Matilda 164; oath 55, 130–1, 221, 225, 302, 352, 395–6; Prince Charles 496–7; regalia and 26–7, 108, 218, 330–1, 356, 446, 450, 497; Richard II 235–6; Stephen 154; Victoria 466; William II 121; William III 399; William IV 452; William the Conqueror 104–5, 111

Council of the English Church 38, 111, 159, 183, 187, 187, 190

Council of Tours (1163) 187–8

Countances, Walter de 197

courts of law 9, 50, 51, 52, 68, 73, 90, 114, 118, 119, 169, 184, 190, 191, 217, 218, 345–6, 388, 412, 453

Covenanters 334, 335, 337, 344, 375

Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 291, 293, 294–5, 297, 302, 303, 304, 306, 310, 311, 313, 395

Crécy, battle of (1346) 230–1

Cromwell, General Oliver 339–53, 355, 360, 362, 363, 373, 374, 376, 410, 414, 497

Cromwell, Richard 353

Cromwell, Thomas 57

crowns 27, 38, 46, 62, 88, 126, 235–6, 261, 302, 327–8, 352, 468; Imperial Crown of England 261, 274, 279, 296, 302, 321, 325, 330, 339, 340, 347, 356, 373, 466, 473, 474, 476; St Edward’s Crown 473, 476, 489; St Stephen Crown of Hungary 88