Berlin at War (89 page)

Belgium: German invasion of (1940), 59;

ultimatum issued, 24, 25–6; declares war on

Belgian labourers in Germany, 122, 128

Germany, 26–7, 28; Embassy staff leave

Below, Nicolaus von, 358

Berlin, 27–8; Hitler’s early ‘peace offering’

Berger, Heinrich, 266

to, 29–33; German opinion of military

Berlin: war defence preparations, 21–2; political

prowess, 52; RAF raid on Sylt, 57; some

leanings, 271; anti-invasion defences, 350–6,

Germans blame for the war, 57; German

361–2; Battle for, 357, 360–80; ceasefire and

triumphalism after defeat of British troops

aftermath, 380–8

in Norway, 58–9; Nazi propaganda against,

Berlin City Library, 76

60; events of 1940 cause Germans to lose

Berlin Museum of Prehistory, 230

fear of, 65; German plans to invade, 68;

Berlin Olympic Stadium, 102

Hitler blames for his invasion of Soviet

Berlin Technical High School, 76

Union, 70; air raids on Germany, 136–59,

Berlin University, 76

307–9, 317–25; BBC German-language

Berlin Zoo, 13, 94, 143, 323–4, 366–7

service, 208–14; Nazi forging of British

Bernhardt, Heinz, 169

banknotes, 243–4; German air raids on

Beseler, Hanna von, 371–2

London, 308, 333

Bielenberg, Christabel: reaction to outbreak of

Bruckner, Anton, 215

war, 28–9; on Berliners’ reaction to early

Brüning, Heinrich, 204

peace negotiations, 30, 31, 32; on German

Brunner, Alois, 263

fear of impending attack, 56; on food

Buchenwald, 220

shortages, 87, 90; starts keeping chickens,

building projects: overview, 100–16; labour and

93; on bomb damage to Anhalter Station,

materials, 112–13, 121; rehousing those

202; listens to BBC radio broadcasts, 210;

affected, 113; effect on Jews, 113–15; flak

interview with Gestapo after husband’s

towers, 309–11; bunkers, 313–14

arrest, 234; on Berliners’ interest in the

Bukofzer, Ernst, 290

technical aspects of air raids, 326

Bulgaria, 67

Bileski, Ruth, 287

Büngener, Elisabeth, 43

Bittner, Else, 213

Burgdorf, General Wilhelm, 357

Black Carl
see
Hoernle, Alfred

burials
see
cemeteries; funerals and burials

black market, 97–9, 300

blackout measures: overview, 34–49;

cabaret shows, 69

punishments for offenders, 37–8; accidents

Café Kranzler, 132

caused by, 38–9, 42–3, 47; effect on crime

capital punishment, 239, 245–6

rate, 39–47; effect on prostitution and

Carl Peters
(film), 69

morals, 40–1

Cavanna, François, 122

Bloch, Hans, 287

celebrity culture, 65–7

Blockwarte
(‘block wardens’), 224–5

cemeteries, 247–51, 261–6

Boeselager, Philipp von, 173, 253

censorship: of newspapers, 51; of letters written

Boev, Viktor, 370

by evacuee children, 197; of broadcast

Borchard, Leo, 351–2

media, 214–15; publication of death notices

Borchardt restaurant, 91–2

limited, 255

Borkowski, Dieter: on increase in meat supply,

ceremonial: Hitler’s fiftieth-birthday

94–5; helps uncle clear Jewish flats, 181–2;

celebrations, 1–12; Hitler’s triumphal return

relationship with forced labourer, 280; on air

to Berlin after fall of Paris, 61; return of

raids, 307, 320, 322; reaction to D-Day, 349;

troops from fall of Paris, 63–4

on celebrations for Hitler’s last birthday, 359;

Chamberlain, Neville, 24, 28, 31

and Battle for Berlin, 365; reaction to

Chausseestrasse, 383

ceasefire, 381

Charlottenburg, 143, 238, 278, 297, 321, 323,

Bormann, Martin: at Hitler’s speech on

324

invasion of Poland, 16; draws up child

chickens, 93

evacuation plan, 185, 186, 187; on Hitler’s

children: evacuation, 25, 185–201; indoctrination,

last birthday, 358

195–7, 200; labour programmes, 200; flak

Bornholmer, Alfred, 295–6

helpers, 312–13;
see also
German Girls

Boveri, Margret, 383

League; Hitler Youth

Brandt, Colonel Heinz, 266

Chopin, Frédéric, 215

Brauchitsch, Walther von, 8, 98

Christianity: Nazi attitude, 54; Nazis deprive

Braun, Helene, 307

churches of heat, 76; Christian resistance

bread, 88, 368

groups, 274–6; help given to Jews by

Breker, Arno, 107, 250

churches, 296–7

index

425

Christmas: first war Christmas, 52–6; Nazi

East-West Axis, 5–6, 108

attitude, 54

Ebauer, Hedwig, 43

Chug Chaluzi see
Pioneer Circle

Eden, Anthony, 31

Chuikov, Marshal Vasily, 361

Edward VIII, King
see
Windsor, Duke of

Churchill, Winston, 320

Elola, Marcel, 128, 212, 316, 327, 330–1, 386

Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 158

entertainment
see
leisure

cinema, 51, 69, 353–6

Erkner, Dorit, 191, 192, 373

Circus, the, 107, 111, 112

ersatz, 88–90

clothing: rationing, 81, 83; ersatz, 89–90;

Etzdorf, Marga von, 248

plunder from abroad, 96; black market, 97

evacuation, child, 25, 185–201, 318–20; KLV

coal, 75–6, 78–9

camps, 191–200

Cohn, Anna, 228

Exmouth
, HMS, 56

Cohn, Siegfried, 286, 287

communists: running street battles with Nazis

Fabrik-Aktion
, 285–91

in 1930s, 220; resistance groups, 72, 268–71,

Falkenberg, Bertha, 177

271–4, 278–9

Fehrbellin AEL, 129, 132, 237

concentration camps: rabbit keeping, 93; use of

Fenet, Henri, 363

inmates to supply materials for rebuilding

Fiala, Vojte˘ch, 120

Berlin, 112–13, 241–2; death camps, 172; life in

Fick, Roderich, 103

Sachsenhausen, 240–6; use of inmates to

films
see
cinema

test soles for Wehrmacht boots, 242–3;
see

Findahl, Theo, 97–8, 283, 284, 347, 386

also
labour camps; work education camps

Finke, Ursula, 305

Confessing Church (
Bekennende Kirche
), 297

fires: caused by fuel shortages, 78

crime: effect of blackouts on crime rate, 39–47;

Fish-Harnack, Mildred, 274

S-Bahn Murderer, 41–7; effect of coal

flak batteries, 153–4, 155–6, 311–13

shortages, 79; effect of food shortages, 87;

flak towers, 309–11, 361, 366

black market, 97–9, 300; and foreign

Flammant, Albert, 117

labourers, 133; Nazi concept of justice, 222–

Flannery, Henry, 71–2, 148, 151–2, 157

3;
see also
Gestapo

Flossenbürg camp-quarry, 113

Czarnecka, Kazimiera, 119, 126–7

Flotow, Hans, 347

Czechoslovakia: German occupation, 12; Czech

food: early rationing measures, 21; first war

labourers in Germany, 122, 123, 127, 133, 135, 387

Christmas, 53; harsh winter of 1940 disrupts

supplies, 79–81; rationing system, 81–5, 99;

D-Day (1944), 349

shortages, 86–8, 91–2, 99; ersatz, 88–9, 90;

Dahlerus, Birger, 15

Eintopf
, 90–1; growing your own, 92–3;

dancing, public, 69

bartering, 93–4, 96; cattle from Eastern

Daring
, HMS, 56

Front, 94–5; sent home by soldiers from

Darré, Walther, 98

abroad, 95; black market, 97–9; supplies

death: cemeteries, 247–51, 265–6; state funerals,

during Battle for Berlin, 368–9; rations

248–51, 265–6; treatment of ordinary war

distributed by Soviets, 383–4;
see also

dead, 251–8; Nazi cult of, 258–61; Jewish

restaurants

cemeteries, 261–5; treatment of those killed

Ford, Henry, 3

in air raids, 330–1; breakdown of normal

foreign and forced labourers, 44, 117–35, 147–8,

burial procedures during Battle for Berlin,

212, 316, 386–7

372–3; clean-up of bodies after fall of Berlin,

Foreign Travel Office
see Haus des

386

Fremdenverkehrs

Denmark: German invasion of (1940), 58; Danes

Forster, Albert, 4

involved in defence of Berlin, 363

France: orders general mobilisation, 23;

Deutmann, Karl, 387

Ribbentrop tries to put blame for war on,

Deutsch, Leopold, 329–30

24; Hitler’s early ‘peace offering’ to, 29–33;

Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
(newspaper), 44

French labourers in Germany, 44, 100, 117,

Deutschkron, Inge, 114–15, 164–5

122, 123, 128, 133, 212, 316, 327, 330–1, 386;

Diederichs, Else, 20

German opinion of military prowess, 52;

Dietrich, Benedikt, 92, 325

German invasion (1940), 59–65; German

Dietrich, Marlene, 51

plunder of, 64, 95–6; liberation of, 349;

dissent
see
protest and dissent

French involved in defence of Berlin, 363

Ditter, Gerda, 41

Franke, Elfriede, 42

Dönitz, Admiral Karl, 342, 357, 387

Frankfurt, 225–6

Düsseldorf, 138

Frankfurter, Justice Felix, 175

Dzhalil, Musa, 237

Freikorps, 272

Frese, Irmgard, 42

426

berlin at war

Frick, Wilhelm, 98

Berlin to be free of Jews, 172; on policy of

Friedenau, 113, 376, 383

expropriating Jewish property, 182; on child

Friedmann, Charlotte, 288

evacuation plan, 187; use of radio as

Friedrichshain, 220, 259, 271, 310, 381

propaganda tool, 204, 205, 206; attempts to

Friedrichstrasse, 5, 308

prevent people from listening to foreign

Fritsch, General Werner von, 248–9

radio broadcasts, 208, 212–13, 214; on ‘
Lili

Fritz Werner factory, 122

Marleen
’, 216; on
Wunschkonzert
, 218; at

Frykman, Sven, 367

Fritsch’s funeral, 248; limits publication of

fuel
see
coal; gas, domestic

death notices, 255; and Wessel’s funeral, 259;

funerals and burials: state, 248–51, 265–6;

propagandisation of military losses, 260; on

ordinary soldiers, 251; Jewish, 264; during

arrest of some Jewish dissenters, 268–9, 270;

and immediately after Battle for Berlin,

on threat posed by renewed Allied air raids,

372–3, 386

318–19; on damage caused by same, 321–2;

Fuss, Lieutenant Hans, 265

‘total war’ speech, 336–41; jokes about, 349–50;

speech to
Volkssturm
recruits, 353;
Kolberg

Gablenz, Carl August von, 265

(propaganda film), 353–6; birthday greetings

Galland, Adolf, 65, 67

to Hitler, 357; speech urging people to

gas, domestic, 78, 79

defend Berlin, 369; phoned by Soviet

gas chambers, 172

interpreter, 370

gasometers: use as air-raid shelters, 314

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 51

Gebel, Ursula, 323

Goldschlag, Stella (later Kübler), 303–4

Gehre, Max, 180

Goldstein, Ernst, 303

George VI, King, 3

Göring, Edda, 53

George, Heinrich, 51, 354

Göring, Emmy, 53

German armed forces: parade at Hitler’s

Göring, Hermann: at Hitler’s fiftieth-birthday

fiftieth-birthday celebrations, 9–11; ersatz

celebrations, 8, 9; role in Reichstag

clothing, 89, 90; Speer’s plans for supreme

meetings, 16; at Hitler’s speech on invasion

HQ, 107–8; attempts on Hitler’s life, 261,

of Poland, 17; newsreel of him reviewing

280–4; help given to by Berlin public during

troops, 20; plunders Paris museums and

Battle for Berlin, 373–4

galleries, 64; announces price rises, 79–80;

German Girls League (BdM), 350, 358

sanctions soldiers’ plundering, 95, 96; avoids

‘Germania’
see
building projects

food rationing, 98; assures German public

Germany: economy, influence and political

Berlin will never be bombed, 137; intrigue

model in 1939, 12; basis of Nazi political and

against Fritsch, 248; at Fritsch’s funeral, 248;

legislative power, 16; regional tensions, 190;

scapegoats Udet, 249; at Schmundt’s

homeland defences, 350–6, 360

funeral, 266; jokes about, 349–50

Gestapo: overview, 220–37; and Jews, 162, 164–7,

Görlitzer, Artur, 142

169, 263, 302–6; origins and power, 222–3;

Görlitzer Station, 140, 144

size of organisation, 223–4; sources of

Graf Spee
(battleship), 52

information, 224–9; public attitude to, 228–9;

Grawitz, Ernst-Robert, 371

procedures, 229–37; numbers of arrests, 232;

Great Hall, 106, 108, 111

and resistance groups, 268–71, 273, 276, 277,

Greece, 67

283

Grensemann, Friederike, 360

Gesundbrunnen U-Bahn Station, 314

Gross, Ruth, 288, 290

Giesler, Hermann, 103

Grossbeeren AEL, 129, 130

Gisevius, Hans, 281–2

Grosse Hamburger Strasse Jewish cemetery,