Berlin at War (86 page)

•
58.
Quoted in Peter Wyden,
Stella
(New York, 1992), p. 160. •
59.
Larry Orbach,
Soaring Underground
, p. 1. •
60.
Testimony of Gerda W., WL. ref: P IIId, no. 411. •
61.
Quoted in Kaplan, op. cit., p. 210. •
62.
Quoted in ibid., p. 211. •
63.
Wyden, op. cit., p. 155. •
64.
Ibid., p. 156. •
65.
For information on the Berlin Jewish Hospital, see Silver, op. cit. •
66.
Testimony of Ursula F., WL, ref: P IIId., no. 458. •
67.
See Alfred Gottwaldt and Diana Schulle,
Die ‘Judendeportationen’ aus dem Deutschen Reich 1941–1945
(Wiesbaden, 2005), pp. 466–7. •
68.
Kwiet and Eschwege, op. cit., p. 150. •
69.
Silver, op. cit., p. 1.

15
Reaping the Whirlwind

•
1.
Dieter Borkowski,
Wer weiss, ob wir uns wiedersehen
, p. 24. •
2.
Helene Braun, ‘Bis wir uns wiedersehen’, in Sven Felix Kellerhoff and Wieland Giebel

(eds),
Als die Tage zu Nächten wurden
, p. 49. •
3.
Report ‘RAF left Berlin afire after three days’, citing a Swedish eyewitness, in
New York Times
, 22 March 1943. •
4.
Statistics quoted in
Flight
magazine, 20 August 1942, p. 193. •
5.

Ulrich Walter in Kellerhoff and Giebel (eds), op. cit., p. 202. •
6.
Report ‘Berlin Blow to Goering’, in
New York Times
, 20 March 1943. •
7.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Berlin Underground, 1938–1945
, p. 91. •
8.
Ulrich Walter in Kellerhoff and Giebel (eds), op. cit., p. 203. •
9.
Report from 4 March 1943 in Heinz Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen aus dem Reich
, p. 4888. •
10.
Hans-Georg von Studnitz,
While Berlin Burns, Diaries 1945–1945
, p. 37. •
11.
Elke Fröhlich (ed.),
Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels
, part 2, vol. 7, p. 460. •
12.
Fröhlich (ed.), op. cit., pp. 459–61. •
13.
Michael Foedrowitz,
The Flak Towers in Berlin, Hamburg
and Vienna, 1940–1950
, p. 5. •
14.
Howard K. Smith,
Last Train from Berlin
, pp.

116–17. •
15.
Marie Vassiltchikov,
Berlin Diaries 1940–1945
, p. 48. •
16.
‘German Use of Smoke’, in
Tactical and Technical Trends
, no. 6, 27 August 1942. •
17.

Werner Girbig,
Im Anflug auf die Reichshauptstadt
(Stuttgart, 1970), p. 153.

•
18
. Statistics from John Norris,
88 mm FlaK 18/36/37/41 & PaK 43 1936-45

(Oxford, 2002), p. 28. •
19.
Hans-Detlef Heller, quoted in Rolf-Dieter Müller, 412

berlin at war

Der Bombenkrieg 1939–1945
(Berlin, 2004), p. 143. •
20.
Borkowski, op. cit., pp.

128 passim. •
21.
Michael Foedrowitz,
Bunkerwelten
, pp. 10–11. •
22.
Ibid., p. 19.

•
23.
The Gesundbrunnen air raid shelter is administered as a museum by

‘Berlin Underworld’ at http://berliner-unterwelten.de •
24.
The figure of 430

completed air raid shelters in Berlin was quoted in correspondence with the

expert on the subject, Michael Foedrowitz. •
25.
Rolf-Dieter Müller suggests 5 per cent, while Jörg Friedrich suggests only 2 per cent. •
26.
Foedrowitz,
Bunkerwelten
, pp. 118–19. •
27.
Marcel Elola,
Ich war in Berlin
, p. 78. •
28.

Testimony of Lore Kastler-Lindig at http://www.jfarchiv.de/archiv03/

083yy57.htm •
29.
See Martin Middlebrook,
The Battle of Hamburg
(London, 1980), or Keith Lowe,
Inferno
(London, 2007). •
30.
Boberach (ed.), op. cit., p.

5542. •
31.
Studnitz, op. cit., p. 89. •
32.
Ursula von Kardorff,
Berliner
Aufzeichnungen 1942–1945
, p. 58. •
33.
Ibid., p. 58. •
34.
Fröhlich (ed.), op. cit., vol. 9, p. 200. •
35.
Helmuth James von Moltke,
Letters to Freya 1939–1945
, p. 327. •
36.
Boberach (ed.), op. cit., p. 5582. •
37.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 100. •
38.
Borkowski, op. cit., p. 53. •
39.
Quoted in Martin Middlebrook,
The Berlin Raids
(London, 1988), p. 2. •
40.
Statistics quoted in Sven Felix Kellerhoff, ‘Bomben auf Berlin’, in Kellerhoff and Giebel (eds), op. cit., p. 21.

•
41.
Testimony of Henning Wenzel, on the website of the collective memory project at the German Historical Museum http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/

kollektives_gedaechtnis/053/index.html •
42.
Louis Lochner (ed.),
The Goebbels
Diaries
(London, 1948), pp. 432–3. •
43.
Borkowski, op. cit., pp. 77–8. •
44.
Marie Vassiltchikov,
Berlin Diaries 1940–1945
, pp. 109–10. •
45.
Diary of Otto K., Deutsches Tagebucharchiv, Emmendingen, ref. 278. •
46.
Correspondence

with the author. With thanks to Alexandra Freimuth and Michael Foedrowitz.

•
47.
Ursula Gebel, ‘November 1943 in Charlottenburg’, in Kellerhoff and Giebel (eds), op. cit., p. 59. •
48.
Studnitz, op. cit., p. 140. •
49.
Testimony of Josepha von Koskull, on the website of the collective memory project at the

German Historical Museum – http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollek-

tives_gedaechtnis/077/index.html •
50.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 113.

•
51.
German civilian losses are quoted in Kellerhoff and Giebel (eds), op.

cit., p. 222. As for RAF losses – 43 aircraft were lost on the Berlin raid

of 15/16 February, each of which had a crew of 7, thereby making a total of

301 aircrew lost – killed, captured or missing – for the mission. •
52.
Christabel Bielenberg,
The Past Is Myself
, p. 125. •
53.
Benedikt D. interview, Berlin, October 2007. •
54.
Bielenberg, op. cit., p. 167. •
55.
Ibid., p. 168. •
56.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Der Schattenmann
, p. 127. •
57.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 108.

•
58.
Elola, op. cit., p. 78. •
59.
The case is cited in Daniel Oakman, ‘The Battle of Berlin’, in
Wartime
, issue 25, 2004. •
60.
Jörg Friedrich,
The Fire: The
Bombing of Germany 1940–1945
(New York, 2006), pp. 350–51. •
61.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 120. •
62.
Testimony of Josepha von Koskull, op. cit. •
63.

Kardorff, op. cit., p. 108. •
64.
Testimony of Karl Deutman, on the website notes

413

of the collective memory project at the German Historical Museum –

http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/008/index.html •

65.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Berlin Underground, 1938–1945
, pp. 101–2. •
66.
Leopold Deutsch, ‘Verschüttet’, in Kellerhoff and Giebel (eds), op. cit., p. 56. •
67.
Renate Knispel, ‘Warten auf Rettung’, in ibid., p. 91. •
68.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 76. •
69.

Ursula Strumm’s story, at News-press.com, posted 3 March 2009. •
70.
Elola, op. cit., p. 80. •
71.
Testimony of Karl Deutman, on the website of the collective memory project at the German Historical Museum – http://www.dhm.de -

/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/008/index.html •
72.
Kardorff, op. cit., pp. 111–12. •
73.
Author interview with Erich N., Berlin, October 2006. •
74.

Andreas-Friedrich,
Berlin
, op. cit., pp. 113–14. •
75.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 90. •
76.

Testimony of Martin Kühnau at http://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv03/083yy57.htm

•
77.
Vassiltchikov, op. cit., p. 119. •
78.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 134. •
79.
See statistics presented in ‘Historical Analysis of the 14/15 February Bombings of Dresden’

prepared by the US Air Force Historical Studies Office and available at

http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/dresden.htm •
80.
Statistics in Uta Hohn,
Die Zerstörung deutscher Städte im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Dortmund, 1991), p. 135. •
81.
Statistics collated from Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs and Detlef Vogel,
Germany and the Second World War
(Oxford, 2003). •
82.
See Götz Aly (ed.),
Volkes Stimme
. •
83.
Juliet Gardiner,
Wartime: Britain 1939–1945
(London, 2004), p.

408. •
84.
Taken from chapter 7 of H. Christa Billawala’s memoir ‘Enemy’s

Child’, published online at http://askpepper.com/enemysChild/index.html

16 To Unreason and Beyond

•
1.
Elke Fröhlich (ed.),
Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels
, part 2, vol. 7, p. 369.

•
2.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Sportpalast •
3.
Original German text of the speech is available in Joseph Goebbels,
Der steile Aufstieg
(Munich, 1944), pp. 167–204; English translation is at http://www.calvin.edu/acad-emic/cas/gpa/goeb36.htm •
4.
Ibid., passim. •
5.
Ibid., passim. •
6.
Fröhlich (ed.), op. cit., vol. 7, pp. 373, 375. •
7.
Albert Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, p. 354. •
8.
Willi A Boelcke (ed.),
The Secret Conferences of Dr Goebbels
(London, 1967), p. xx. •
9.
Ursula von Kardorff,
Berliner Aufzeichnungen 1942–1945
, pp.

33–4. •
10.
Hans-Georg von Studnitz,
While Berlin Burns, Diaries 1943–1945
, p. 27. •
11.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Berlin Underground, 1938–1945
, p. 90.

•
12.
Josepha von Koskull, account ‘Sportpalastrede’ archived at

http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/075/index.html •

13.
Heinz Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen aus dem Reich 1938–1945
, p. 4831. •
14
. Ibid.

•
15.
Admiral Dönitz quoted in Peter Padfield,
Dönitz: The Last Führer
(London, 1984), p. 295. •
16.
See Boberach (ed.), op. cit., pp. 5433–4. •
17.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 58. •
18.
Studnitz, op. cit., pp. 88–9. •
19.
See Keith Lowe,
Inferno:
414

berlin at war

The Devastation of Hamburg
(London, 2007). •
20.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 61. •
21.

Studnitz, op. cit., p. 97. •
22.
Philip Henshall,
Hitler’s Rocket Sites
(New York, 1985), p. 128. •
23.
Boberach (ed.), op. cit., pp. 5542–4. •
24.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 106. •
25.
Studnitz, op. cit., p. 113. •
26.
Lutz R., correspondence with the author, December 2008. •
27.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 115. •
28.
Howard Smith,
Last Train from Berlin
, p. 119. •
29.
Richard Grunberger,
A Social History
of the Third Reich
, pp. 292–4. •
30.
Helga Schneider,
The Bonfire of Berlin
, p. 65.

•
31.
Paul von Stemann, quoted in Terry Charman,
The German Home Front
1939–1945
(London, 1989), p. 176. •
32.
Theo Findahl,
Letzter Akt Berlin: 1939–1945
, p. 102. •
33.
Studnitz, op. cit., p. 158. •
34.
Kardorff, op. cit., pp. 129–30. •
35.

Boberach (ed.), op. cit., p. 6413. •
36.
Studnitz, op. cit., p. 172. •
37.
Speer, op.

cit., p. 468. •
38.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 150. •
39.
Dieter Borkowski,
Wer weiss, ob
wir uns wiedersehen
, p. 110. •
40.
Studnitz, op. cit., p. 187. •
41.
Ibid., p. 190. •
42.

Grunberger, op. cit., p. 423. •
43.
Antony Beevor,
Berlin: The Downfall 1945
, p. 2. •
44.
Josepha von Koskull, at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/078/index.html •
45.
Author interview with Peter S.,

Berlin, September 2008. •
46.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 175. •
47
. Wolfram Wette, Ricarda Bremer and Detlef Vogel (eds),
Das letzte halbe Jahr
, pp. 131, 274

and 135. •
48.
See illustrations in Franz Siedler,
Deutscher Volkssturm
(Munich, 1989), pp. 128–9. •
49.
Original newsreel footage of the ceremony is at