The Bitter Taste of Victory (66 page)

4  
‘Funny to think’: Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, p. 298.

5  
‘Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on the Enforcement of Penalties: Report Presented to the Preliminary peace Conference’, 29 Mar 1919 (see
The American Journal of International Law
, 14:1/2 (1920), pp. 95
–
154.

6  
Article 6c of the Nuremberg Charter, cited in Geoffrey Robertson,
Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice
(London: New Press, 2006), p. 190.

7  
Justice Jackson’s Report to the President on Atrocities and War Crimes, 7 June 1945,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/imt_jack01.asp
.

8  
‘fraternity life’ and friendship with Birkett: Francis Biddle,
In Brief Authority
(Doubleday, 1962), p. 380.

9  
EM, ‘They Who Live by the Sword’.

10  
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, p. 301.

11  
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, pp. 301
–
02.

12  
‘Before I answer’, ‘I declare myself’, ‘for what’; ‘Nein’: Nuremberg Trial Proccedings, 21 Nov 1945, The Avalon Project,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/11-21-45.asp
.

13  
‘The privilege of’: Nuremberg Trial Proccedings, 21 Nov 1945.

14  
‘The most’, ‘little people’, ‘accounts to’: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, 21 Nov 1945.

15  
‘The Nazi defendants’: Shirer,
End of a Berlin Diary
, p. 307.

‘no Cicero’: Shirer,
End of a Berlin Diary
, p. 301.

‘I doubt if there’, ‘We Americans’; ‘reasonable, practical’; ‘when the prosecutor’: Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, pp. 306, 441, 304.

16  
‘I’m possessed’: PdeM to Hilde Spiel, 26 Nov 1945, PdeM Archive.

17  
‘why can’t we’, ‘I don’t believe’:
The New York Times
, 23 Nov 1945, cited in Ann and John Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
(Macmillan: 1983), p. 160.

‘Here at last’: EM, Manuscript of article headed ‘KZ films’, 29 Nov 1945, EM Archive.

18  
‘Like the rest’, ‘the sooner’, ‘I feel more’: EM, Manuscript of article headed ‘KZ films’.

19  
David Low, ‘The Londoner’s Diary’,
Evening Standard
, 19 Dec 1945.

20  
‘
Deutschland ohne alles
’: Anonymous poem, in Manfred Malzahn,
Germany 1945–1949: A Sourcebook
(Routledge, 1991).

‘contemptuous indifference’: PdeM, ‘The Nuremberg Reckoning’,
New Statesman
, 25 Nov 1945.

‘The trial?’: cited in Shirer,
End of Berlin Diary
, p. 346.

21  
‘It is not intended’: EM, radio broadcast, 19 Dec 1945, EM Archive.

‘my knees haven’t’: Captain Sam Harris, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 169.

‘Jesus’: Francis Biddle, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial,
p. 170.

22  
‘Lawrence depends’: Francis Biddle, Notes on the Conference, Biddle Papers, Syracuse University NY, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial,
p. 118.

Many dismissive of Biddle: Documents from the Lord Chancellor’s Office, Public Records Office, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 117.

‘too biddle’: EM to TM, 24 Mar 1946, EM Archive.

23  
‘affectionate bear cub’: Biddle,
In Brief Authority
, p. 423.

24  
‘I want to’: EM to Lotte Walter, 3 Feb 1946, EM Archive.

25  
‘taking place on’: Dr Bergold to Kempner, 7 Jan 1946, Jackson Papers, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 222.

26  
‘organised and’, ‘a crime’, ‘This sin’: François de Menthon, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, 17 Jan 1946, The Avalon Project
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/01-17-46.asp
.

27  
‘intoxicated’, ‘certain of’, ‘man, of’: de Menthon’s speech.

28  
‘original sin’, ‘one of’, ‘into a’: de Menthon’s speech.

29  
‘the German soul’, ‘as members’: Biddle,
In Brief Authority,
p. 407.

‘That is more’: Hans Frank, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 189.

30  
‘crimes against peace’, ‘their personal rights’: de Menthon’s speech.

Ten years before Europe confronted its Jewish dead: See Tony Judt’s epilogue ‘From the House of the Dead: An Essay on Modern European Memory’, in his
Postwar
, pp. 803–31.

31  
‘the trial’: Norman Birkett to Mrs Cruesmann, 20 Jan 1946, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 223.

As early as 1940 Erika and Klaus Mann had announced that there was ‘such a thing as collective guilt, collective failure’ and that in all truth and justice they must sorrowfully admit that ‘the German people collectively must accept their burden of guilt’, EM and KM,
The Other Germany
, p. 187.

32  
‘We are being’, ‘And by refusing’: cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, p. 39.

33  
‘I can’t but’: Hannah Arendt to Karl Jaspers, 9 Jul 1946, in Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers,
Correspondence 1926 –1969
, ed. by Lotte Kohler and Hans Saner, trans. by Robert and Rita Kimber (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992).

34  
‘the only way’: Hannah Arendt, ‘Organised Guilt and Universal Responsibility’, published in the US in Jan 1945 and in Germany in 1946, in Hannah Arendt,
The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age
(Grove Press, 1978), p. 228.

35  
‘For the idea’: Arendt, ‘Organised Guilt and Universal Responsibility’, p. 235.

36  
Karl Jaspers to Hannah Arendt, 28 Oct 1945, in Arendt and Jaspers,
Correspondence
.

37  
‘We survivors’: Karl Jaspers, Lecture, Aug 1945, cited in Suzanne Kirkbright,
Karl Jaspers: A Biography: Navigations in Truth
(Yale University Press, 2004), p. 193.

‘very white’, ‘strange and unattractive’: GM to Erich von Kahler, 29 Aug 1945, in Golo Mann,
Briefe
.

38  
‘breathing the air’: Jaspers to Arendt, 2 Dec 1945, in Arendt and Jaspers,
Correspondence
.

39  
‘The Nazi crimes’: Arendt to Jaspers, 17Aug 1946 in Arendt and Jaspers,
Correspondence
.

‘we will not be aided’, ‘filled with a genuine’: Arendt, ‘Organised Guilt and Universal Responsibility’, pp. 229, 236.

40  
‘We bear witness’, ‘what was done’, ‘accompanied by’: Johannes R. Becher, ‘Deutschland klagt an!’,
Der Aufbau
, Jan 1946, pp. 9, 12, 16, cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, pp. 39–40.

‘deadness of’, ‘the loss’, ‘dead souls’: Johannes Becher interview with William Shirer, 8 Nov 1945, cited in Shirer,
End of a Berlin Diary
, pp. 186–87.

8:
Fighting the Peace

1  
By the end of March rations had dropped to 1,275 calories in the US zone and 1,043 in the British zone. (Kathleen McLaughlin, ‘Germans’ Rations Cut in U.S. Zone’,
The New York Times
, 30 Mar 1946).

‘This is a’: Ernst Jünger, Mar 1946, cited in MacDonogh,
After the Reich
, p. 365.

2  
‘sobering experience’, ‘fumbling timidity’: John Dos Passos, ‘Americans are Losing the Victory in Europe’,
Life,
7 Jan 1946.

‘The idea of’: Winston Churchill to the House of Commons, 5 June 1946, in
Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963
, Vol VII: 1943–1949, ed. by Robert Rhodes James (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974), p. 7352.

3  
‘from Stettin’, ‘enormous and wrongful’, ‘This is certainly’: Winston Churchill, speech in Fulton Missouri, 5 Mar 1946, in
Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches
, pp. 7290–91.

4  
‘tremendous excitement’: Albert Speer, diary, 11 May 1947, in
Spandau
 –
The Secret Diaries
, trans. by Richard and Clara Winston (Ishi Press, 2010).

5  
‘that the performing cast’: Laura Knight,
The Magic of a Line: The Autobiography of Laura Knight
(William Kimber, 1965), p. 290.

6  
‘so-called freedoms’, ‘dismantle and transport’, ‘following the example’: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, 13 Mar 1946,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/03-13-46.asp
.

7  
‘liberation of’, ‘cleaning of’, ‘which had to’, ‘I do not’: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, 19 Mar 1946,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/03-19-46.asp
.

‘sitting by’: Francis Biddle to Katherine Biddle, 21 Mar 1946,, cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 290.

8  
‘What did you think’, ‘He looks the sort’: cited in Knight,
The Magic of a Line
, p. 288.

‘What a benefit’: Knight,
The Magic of a Line
, p. 287.

9  
‘still huger down’, ‘after days spent’: Laura Knight, diary, LK Archive, pp. 13, 19–20. (Knight’s description of Hitler as motivated even in his early days by ‘idealism’ seems somewhat misguided).

10  
‘We sit side by side’: Knight, diary, LK Archive.

Birkett’s pity: LK,
The Magic of a Line
, p. 291.

11  
‘Inside we’: John Wheeler-Bennett,
Friends, Enemies, Sovereigns
(Macmillan, 1976), cited in Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 229. Thank you to John Clare and to Rosie Broadley for sharing the anecdote about the backflip.

12  
‘You don’t think’,‘the poor old girl’: Evelyn Waugh, 1
–
2 Apr 1946, in Evelyn Waugh,
Diaries 1911–1965,
ed. by Michael Davie (Penguin, 1979).