The Bitter Taste of Victory (69 page)

19  
‘not a battle’: CZ,
Deutschlandbericht
, p. 120.

20  
CZ’s discussions with young people: CZ,
The Past is Myself
, p. 396.

21  
‘poor and dear’, ‘their suffering’: VG,
In Darkest Germany
(Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1947), p. 64.

22  
‘plain, straight’,‘a general act’, ‘unless you treat’, ‘we, as members’: VG,
In Darkest Germany
, pp. 18–19.

23  
In March a Stuttgart periodical lauded the ‘kindness, courage and wisdom’ of this ‘firm and resolute personality’. In Britain, George Orwell hoped that ‘everyone who can get access to a copy will take at least a glance’ at this ‘brilliant piece of journalism intended to shock the public of this country into some kind of consciousness of the hunger, disease, chaos and lunatic mismanagement prevailing in the British Zone’ (‘Orwell in
Tribune
’, 17 Jan 1947 in
Orwell in Tribune: As I Please and Other Writings, 1943–47
, ed. by Paul Anderson, Methuen: 2008, p. 351). Similarly, the
Observer
reviewer announced that it was hard not to be ‘infected by the zealous goodness of the crusading author’, while insisting that of the 23 million people in the British zone not more than 3 million lived in the kind of conditions described by Gollancz (‘German Road’,
Observer
, 26 Jan 1947).

24  
‘and how I’: CZ,
Deutschlandbericht
, p. 5.

25  
‘With what seriousness’, ‘how much theatre’, ‘a spiritual, intellectual’: CZ,
Deutschlandbericht
, p. 55.

26  
‘The way things are going now’: Karl Jaspers to Hannah Arendt, 1 Jan 1947, in Arendt and Jaspers,
Correspondence
.

27  
Frost, ‘an occupying army’, disappointed expectations, CZ appeals to American authorities, disappointed expectations: CZ,
Deutschlandbericht
, pp. 82, 71, 74, 79, 74.

28  
‘We are behaving’, ‘we are trying’, ‘you can create’: VG,
In Darkest Germany
, p. 99.

‘fought and eventually died’: CZ,
Deutschlandbericht,
p. 43.

29  
1947 conference in Stuttgart, ‘the freedom and independence’, ‘some deluded, but unflinching’, ‘The consequences we inflict’: CZ,
Deutschlandbericht
, pp. 164, 165, 75, 76.

30  
‘We don’t have to’: Jaspers to Arendt, 19 Mar 1947, in
Correspondence
.

On British and American intention to form a bizone and waive reparations, see Judt,
Postwar
, pp. 124–25 and Schwarz, ‘The division of Germany’, in Leffler and Westad (ed.),
The Cambridge History of the Cold War
, pp. 166–67.

‘between alternative ways’, ‘I believe that: Truman to Congress, Mar 1947, cited in Frances Stonor Saunders,
Who paid the piper?: the CIA and the Cultural Cold War
(Granta, 1999), p. 25.

31  
Certainly Judt dates the Cold War from this moment (see Judt,
Postwar
, p. 124).

‘a centralised government’: George Marshall, Report on the Fourth Meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers, Moscow, 28 Apr 1947,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade23.asp
.

‘The patient is sinking’: George Marshall, speech, Jun 1947, cited in Hitchcock,
Liberation
, p. 156.

32  
‘You’re absolutely right’: John Hynd, cited in MacDonogh,
After the Reich
, p. 251.

‘as the people of one’: Brian Robertson, instruction issued at the Regional Commissioners’ Conference, 18 May 1947, cited in Meehan,
A Strange Enemy People
, p. 152.

‘be-kind-to’: cited in Meehan,
A Strange Enemy People
, p. 152.

33  
JCS 1779, Jul 1947, in Velma Hastings Cassidy (ed.),
Germany 1947–1949, The Story in Documents
(University of Michigan Library, 1950), pp. 33–41.

34  
‘She must have’, ‘political passion’: George Marshall, speech at Harvard, 5 Jun 1947, see
http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/themarshall-plan/marshall-plan-speech/
.

35  
See William L. Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the Creation of the West’, in Leffler and Westad,
The Cambridge History of the Cold War
, pp. 155–59.

36  
Bernard Baruch, an American statesman who had resigned as the US representative to the UN Atomic Commission that January, in speaking before the South Carolina state legislature on 16 Apr 1947, declared: ‘Let us not be deceived—we are today in the midst of a cold war,’ cited in
The New York Times
, 17 Apr 1947; columnist Arthur Krock used the phrase in
The New York Times
on 12 Oct 1947.

37  
‘the state religion’,‘In the midst’: HS,
The Dark and The Bright: Memoirs, 1911
–
1989
, trans. Christine Shuttleworth (Ariadne Press, 2007), pp. 222–23.

38  
‘in spite of’: Alonzo Grace, ‘Out of the Rubble: An Address on the Reorientation of the German People’, undated, OMGUS/RG260/NARA, cited in Stonor Saunders,
Who paid the piper?
, p. 19.

39  
The list of titles struck some as too highbrow: two publishers visiting Germany the following year complained that some of the selected novels were ‘incomprehensible to the average German’, ‘Report and Recommendations on Publishing in the British Zone of Germany’ by Mr. Desmond Flower M.C. (Director of Cassell & Co.) and the Hon. Mervyn Horder (Director of Duckworth & Co.), 25 Mar 1947 (PRO, FO 1056/8)). In general, however, the British were happy for their cultural efforts primarily to influence the elite, with Raymond Gauntlett, Chief of Public Relations/ Informational Services Control Group (PR/ISC), maintaining that ‘the concentration of effort must be on the leaders or potential leaders’, since ‘[w]e can influence the many partially, but we can only hope to influence the few decisively’, Chief of PR/ISC Group to Military Governor, 23 Mar 1948, Public Records Office, Foreign Office 1056/124. See Rhys W. Williams, Stephen Parker and Colin Riordan (eds.), with Helmut Peitsch,
German Writers and the Cold War 1945
–
1961
, Manchester University Press, 1992.

For a more detailed discussion of the British emphasis on re-educating the elite, see Gabriele Clemens,
Britische Kulturpolitik in Deutschland 1945
–
1949: Literatur, Film, Musik und Theater
(Franz Steiner, 1997), p. 55.

40  
‘best to give it a rest’: Rhys Williams, ‘“The selections of the Committee are not in accord with the requirements of Geremany”: Contemporary English Literature and the selected book scheme in the British zone of Germany (1945–1950)’ in Alan Bance (ed.),
The Cultural Legacy of the British Occupation in Germany: The London Symposium,
(H.-D. Heinz, 1997), pp. 110–38.

For ‘Ro-Ro-Ro’, see Malzahn,
Germany 1945
–
1949: A Sourcebook
, pp. 205–06. For a list of the books translated during the occupation, see Hansjörg Gehring,
Amerikanische Literaturpolitik in Deutschland 1945–1953: Ein Aspekt des Re-Education-Programms
(Oldenbourg, 2010), pp. 115–26.

For a discussion of the practicalities of book and periodical printing, see Edward C. Breitenkamp,
The U.S. Information Control Division and Its Effect on German Publishers and Writers 1945
–
1949
(University Station,1953), p. 74.

41  
‘whoever is given’: cited in Geoffrey Skelton,
Paul Hindemith, The Man Behind the Music
(Gollancz, 1975), p. 219.

‘flourish much better’: cited in Skelton,
Paul Hindemith
, p. 223.

42  
See MacDonogh,
After the Reich
, p. 221.

43  
‘I cannot recall’, ‘The Germans never’: EM, letter to editor,
Herald Tribune
, 13 Jun 1947.

44  
See Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, p. 187 (and see Brockmann generally for an extended analysis of the concept of the ‘zero hour’).

45  
‘connections with’, ‘a reminder of’:
PEN News
, May–Jun 1942, p. 3.

46  
‘destroyed the Reich’, ‘murdered their mother’, ‘will and must survive’: ‘International Dinner’,
PEN News
, Jul 1945, p. 10.

‘appalling intellectual’:
PEN News
, Jul 1947, p. 3.

47  
‘extraordinarily difficult, ‘after two, three’: TM, message to German people, 23 May 1947, cited in
Thomas Mann: A Chronicle of His Life
, ed. by Hans Burgin and Hans-Otto Mayer (Alabama: University of Alabama, 1965), p. 215.

48  
‘a triumph for’:
PEN News
, Jul 1947, p. 3.

49  
‘the European family’: Winston Churchill to Anthony Eden, 21 Oct 1942, cited in Judt,
Postwar
, p. 155.

‘Buchenwald manifesto’, ‘a European community’, ‘guarantee order’: cited in Bessel,
Germany 1945
, p. 302.

50  
‘Conference for the Establishment of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation’, Nov 1945, see
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf
.

51  
‘success, prosperity’, ‘civilising values’, ‘those values; ‘what they have’: SS, speech at
Rencontres internationales de Genève
, Sep 1946, see
http://www.rencontres-int-geneve.ch/volumes_pdf/rig01.pdf
.

52  
SS, ‘The Intellectuals and the Future of Europe’,
The Gate / Das Tor
, Jan–Mar 1947, pp. 2–9.

53  
‘the struggle within’, ‘the true meeting-place’, ‘the day may’: SS, ‘The Intellectuals and the Future of Europe’.

54  
‘a complete Re-education’: SS, ‘The Intellectuals and the Future of Europe’. In using the term ‘re-education’, Spender was consciously referring to the Allied policy of re-education in Germany.

55  
See ‘PEN and UNESCO’,
PEN News
, 144, Jul 1946, p. 13 and ‘UNESCO’,
PEN News
, 150, Jul 1947, p. 11. See also SS, ‘Can Unesco Succeed,’
Fortnightly
, Mar 1947.

56  
This letter from the head of a factory in Pennsylvania was addressed to the Reorientation Branch of the US Civil Affairs Division. He complained that ‘American soldiers and many Germans will see a play written by a communist, based on the theme that US manufacturers produced defective equipment and airplanes during the war, endangering the lives of their own sons’. The head of the Reorientation Branch, Colonel Hume, agreed that the play was harmful and withdrew the production. As a result
All My Sons
was not produced in Germany until 1950. See Gehring,
Amerikanische Literaturpolitik
, pp. 70–1.