The Bitter Taste of Victory (65 page)

22  
‘Let us give’, ‘I want him’, ‘three cigarette’: BW, ‘Propaganda through Entertainment’.

23  
When the Supreme Allied Headquarters was dissolved on 13 Jul 1945 PWD’s operations ceased and its operations were taken over by the British Information Services Control Branch and the US Information Control Division (ICD) and Information Control Service (ICS). McClure was now chief of both ICD and ICS. Most of the personnel remained the same. See
http://www.erwinslist.com/Files/History%20I.pdf

24  
‘very austere’: ‘Austere Press, Radio is Planned for Germany’,
The New York Times
, 3 May 1945.

25  
On the topic of rations, see Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater
, p.42.

Treber,
Mythos Trümmerfrauen
, p. 217.

26  
For a longer elucidation of this argument, see Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater
, p. 81.

27  
‘true German’: Statement of the
Kulturband zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands
, cited in Erica Carter’s ‘Culture, History and the National Identity in the Two Germanies since 1945’, in Mary Fulbrook (ed.),
German History since 1800
, p. 438. On British and American suspicions, see Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater
, p. 52.

28  
‘private emotions’, ‘why not’: Paul Rilla, ‘Eine kleine Stadt: Thornton Wilders Schauspiel im Deutschen Theater’,
Berliner Zeitung
, 7 Aug 1945.

‘You knew that’: Nicolas Nabokov,
Old Friends and New Music
(Hamish Hamilton, 1951), p. 261.

29  
‘Berlin was only’, ‘establish good’: Nabokov,
Old Friends and New Music
, pp. 262–63.

30  
‘887,000 very hungry’: Gavin to MG, Aug 1945, MG Archive.

31  
For a discussion of the contradictions implicit within the shared governing of Germany and of the different attitudes of the four powers towards reparations (troubling Gavin above), see Hans-Peter Schwarz, ‘The division of Germany, 1945–1949’, in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (ed.),
The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol 1
(CUP, 2010).

32  
‘Darling, all’: Gavin to MG, 5 Sep 1945, MG Archive.

33  
‘fan-type crush’: MD to Maria Riva, cited in Maria Riva,
Marlene Dietrich
, p. 567.

‘I have decided’: Gavin to MG, 10 Jul 1945, MG Archive.

34  
‘The Berliners’: MD to Rudi Sieber, 27 Sep 1945, cited in Riva,
Marlene Dietrich
, p. 573.

35  
‘I love you’, ‘until I am’: Gavin to MD, 2 Oct 1945, MD Archive.

36  
‘I’ve given up’, ‘the desolation’: MG, diary, 3 Oct 1945, MG Archive.

37  
‘What shall I do’: MG, diary entry, 10 Oct 1945, MG Archive.

‘You are’: Gavin to MD, 11 Oct 1945, MD Archive.

6:
 German Winter

1  
MG to Gavin, undated 1945, MG Archive.

2  
See Wilfred Byford-Jones,
Berlin Twilight
(Hutchinson, 1947), p. 21.

TB Rate: ‘Tuberculosis up in Reich’, 25 Oct 1945,
The New York Times
. Shortage of medicine: ‘Lack of Medicines in Berlin Scored’, 15 Oct 1945,
The New York Times.

3  
Rations in US zone: ‘German Ration Cut in U.S. Zone’,
The New York Times
, 16 Oct 1945.

Rations in British zone: Hitchcock,
Liberation
, p. 196 (‘just over 1,000 calories’).

‘Poor harvest’ (resulting from the damage caused to farmland, the loss of farm animals, lack of fertilizer and farm machinery, an exodus of foreign farm labourers, and heavy rains in late Aug): Bessel,
Germany 1945
, p. 333–34. Death rate: MacDonogh,
After the Reich
, p. 497.

4  
Scarcity of candles and light bulbs: Riess,
The Berlin
, p. 41.

Absurdity of statues: Clarissa Churchill, ‘Berlin Letter’,
Horizon
, Mar 1946.

5  
‘There, that point’: John Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty: In the Year of Our Defeat
(Houghton Miffin, 1946), p. 325.

6  
‘crazed look’, ‘perfectly still’: Rees,
A Bundle of Sensations
, p. 197.

7  
‘it seemed futile’: Rees,
A Bundle of Sensations
, p. 185.

8  
Death rate of children in British sector: Judt,
Postwar
, p. 22.

9  
Barney Oldfield, cited in Riva,
A Woman At War,
pp. 74–5.

10  
MG and MD on plane together, see Shirer,
End of a Berlin Diary
, p. 206.

‘Oi yoi yoi’: MD to Rudi Sieber, 9 Oct 1945, cited in Riva,
Marlene Dietrich
, p. 574.

11  
MG to Gavin, undated, MG Archive.

12  
MG to Gavin, undated, MG Archive.

13  
MG, ‘82
^nd
Airborne, Master of the Hot Spots’,
Saturday Evening Post
, 23 Feb 1946.

14  
MG, ‘82
^nd
Airborne, Master of the Hot Spots’.

15  
‘more exciting’: cited in Moorehead,
Martha Gellhorn
, p. 291.

16  
‘Darling everything’: Gavin to MG, 1 Aug 1945, MG Archive.

17  
British Zone Review
, December 1945, cited in Kurt Jürgensen, ‘The Concept and Practice of ‘Re-education’ in Germany 1945–50, in Pronay and Wilson,
The Political Re-education of Germany
, p. 88.

18  
‘a vocabulary’: PdeM, ‘Through the Dead Cities’,
New Statesman
, 14 Jul 1945.

19  
Alan Ross, ‘German gun site’, ‘Occupation’, ‘Occupation troops’, in
The Derelict Day: Poems in Germany
(John Lehmann, 1947).

20  
‘still full of clues’; The architect who’: SS,
European Witness
, pp. 236, 237.

21  
DPs like human animals: SS,
European Witness
, p. 77.

Alan Ross, ‘Displaced Persons’, in
The Derelict Day.

22  
‘If we can find’: SS, ‘Rhineland Journal’,
Horizon,
December 1945.

23  
‘exiled, thrown’: HJ to Cicely Jennings, 30 Sep 1945, in
The Humphrey Jennings Film Reader
, ed. by Kevin Jackson (Carcanet, 1993).

24  
Alan Ross, ‘Hamburg: Day and Night’, in
The Derelict Day
.

25  
‘hard-working, efficient’:
British Zone Review
, Dec 1945, cited in Jürgensen, ‘The Concept and Practice of ‘Re-education’’ in Pronay and Wilson,
The Political Re-education of Germany
, p. 88.

26  
‘his Adam’s apple’: SS, in
Stephen Spender: Journals 1939–1983
, ed. by James Goldsmith (Faber and Faber, 1985), p. 71.

‘grossly exaggerated’, ‘I can’t carry on’, ‘Perhaps I exaggerate’, ‘If he were a German’: SS,
European Witness
, p. 219.

27  
‘serious in’: SS,
European Witness
, p. 23.

28  
‘And in my dreams’: SS,
European Witness
, p. 240.

29  
Walter von Molo, open letter, Aug 1945, cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, p. 94.

30  
TM, ‘Warum ich nicht nach Deutschland zurückgehe’ (‘Why I am not returning to Germany’),
Aufbau
, cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, pp. 100–02.

31  
‘inner emigration’, ‘German space’, ‘if I were’: Frank Thiess, ‘Die innere Emigration’, cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture,
p. 98–9.

‘inappropriate in its timing’: Johannes Becher to Frank Theiss, 26 Jan 1946, in Becher,
Briefe
(Aufbau Verlag, 1993).

‘distorted and provocative’, ‘
une race maudite
’: TM, diary, 18 Sep 1945, in TM,
Tagebücher
, ed. by Peter de Mendelssohn and Inge Jens (S. Fischer, 1977).

32  
‘inner emigrant’, TM, diary, 7 Nov 1933, in TM,
Tagebücher.

‘Believe me, for many’: TM, speech, 13 Oct 1943, in
Thomas Mann’s Addresses Delivered at the Library of Congress
, p. 29.

33  
Edwin Redslob,
Tagesspiegel
, 23 Oct 1945, cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, p. 102.

Otto Flake,
Badener Tageblatt,
cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, p. 103.

34  
‘We can achieve’: Herbert Lestiboudois, open letter to Frank Thiess,
Neue Westfälische Zeitung,
22 Jan 1946.

‘profoundly happy’, ‘To have a pretended’: GM to Eva Herrmann, 7 Jan 1946, in Golo Mann,
Briefe 1932
–
1992,
ed. by Lahma Tilmann and Kathrin Lüssi, (Wallstein, 2006).

35  
Alan Ross, ‘Lüneberg’, in
The Derelict Day
.

7:
Nuremberg

1  
‘Surely a German’,‘
Du lieber Gott
!’: EM, ‘They Who Live by the Sword’,
Liberty
, 27 Oct 1945.

2  
‘It might be that’: EM to KM, 20 Oct 1945, EM Archive.

3  
‘as much as’: Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, p. 244.

‘old city’: Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, p. 296.