The Bitter Taste of Victory (63 page)

17  
MG, ‘We were never Nazis!’

18  
‘Kaiser of all’: cited in Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, p. 91.

19  
For a discussion of the term ‘inner emigrant’ see Brockmann,
German Literary Culture
, pp. 95–100.

20  
‘in spite of everything’, ‘something deeply significant’, ‘no calamity’: TM, diary, 10 Apr 1933, in TM,
Diaries, 1918–1939
, trans. Richard and Clara Winston (Harry N. Abrams, 1982).

21  
‘German Revolution’: TM to Albert Einstein, 15 May 1933, in TM,
Briefe
, 3 vols, ed. Erika Mann (S. Fischer Verlag, 1961
–
1965), vol 1, p. 332.

‘What does the history’: TM to Karl Kerenyi, 4 August 1934, cited in Ronald Hayman,
Thomas Mann: A Biography
(Bloomsbury, 1996), p. 413.

22  
‘This friendly time’: EM to TM, 19 Jan 1936, in EM,
Briefe und Antworten
, vol 1, ed. by Anna Zanco Prestel (Edition Spangenberg, 1985), cited in Weiss,
In the Shadow
, p. 123.

‘against Europe’: open letter from TM to Eduard Korrodi, 3 Feb 1936, cited in Hayman,
Thomas Mann
, p. 424. This was followed by an open letter to the Dean of the University of Bonn after he had removed Mann’s honorary degree later that year where he denounced National Socialist Germany as ‘spiritually ruined and physically drained by the war preparations with which it threatens the whole world . . . loved by no-one’, TM to the Dean of the Philosophical Faculty of Bonn, 1 Jan 1937, in Thomas Mann,
Gesammelte Werke
, 13 Bände, Band 12 (Fischer, 1974).

23  
‘enhance our modesty’: TM, ‘German Listeners!’, 10 May 1945, in
Deutsche Hörer: Radiosendungen nach Deutschland aus den Jahren 1940–1945
(Fischer, 2004).

24  
On Golo Mann’s early war experiences, see Peter Demetz’s introduction to Golo Mann’s
Reminiscences and Reflections
(Norton, 1990), pp. ix-xiii.

25  
‘We German refugees’: KM, ‘An American Soldier Revisiting his Former Homeland’ for Radio Stockholme, 30 Dec 1947, KM Archive.

26  
‘Do you want’: KM, speech delivered at Co. ‘C’, 363
^rd
Inf. Rgt., 91 Division, 8 Jan 1945, KM Archive.

27  
‘It’s an eternal’: KM to EM, 13 Jun 1945, KM Archive.

28  
KM describes Frank Wedekind as ‘the D. H. Lawrence of Germany’ in
The Turning Point
, p. 93.

29  
‘a neurotic quartet’: KM,
The Turning Point
, p. 107.

30  
For Gründgens on KM as a poet see Weiss,
In the Shadow
, p. 49.

31  
‘Don’t take’: EM to KM, 22 Mar 1937, EM Archive.

32  
‘deep roots in’: EM and KM,
The Other Germany
, trans. by Heinz Norden (Modern Age Books, 1940), p. 21.

‘leave behind’: EM interview 1963, cited in Weiss,
In the Shadow
, p. 168; ‘a new forum’: KM editorial in
Decision,
Jan 1941, cited in Weiss,
In the Shadow
, p. 167.

33  
‘the last haven’: KM editorial in
Decision,
Jan 1941.

34  
For KM’s debates with Auden and Isherwood about Nazism see Weiss,
In the Shadow
, p. 163.

35  
‘speaking in my’: TM to EM, cited in Weiss,
In the Shadow
, p. 142.

36  
‘You should be’: EM to KM, 24 Feb 1945, EM Archive.

‘little old ’, ‘needless to’: EM to KM, 8 May 1945, EM Archive.

37  
KM, ‘An American Soldier Revisiting his Former Homeland’ for Radio Stockholme, 30 Dec 1947, KM Archive. Statistics from Irmtraud Permooser,
Der Luftkrieg über München 1942
–
1945: Bomben auf die Hauptstadt der Bewegung
(Aviatic, 1997), pp. 372–75.

38  
‘They didn’t do it’: KM, ‘An American Soldier’.

39  
‘when the Dictator’: TM, ‘A Family Against Dictatorship’, cited in Weiss,
In The Shadow
, p. 208.

‘the German people’: KM, ‘The Job Ahead in Germany’,
Stars and Stripes
, 13 May 1945.

‘Hardly ever did’: KM, ‘An American Soldier’.

40  
‘I don’t want to excuse myself’: KM to Thomas Quinn Curtiss, undated, KM Archive.

‘Magician-Dad’, ‘Conditions here’, ‘morally mutilated’: KM to TM, 16 May 1945, in KM,
Briefe und Antworten 1937–1945
, vol 2, ed. by Martin Gregor-Dellin (Heinrich Ellermanm, 1975).

41  
This is a selective view of German Romanticism: many of the German Romantics had been radically politically engaged, as least in their early years, following the French Revolution. But it was the more inward, later Romanticism that had influenced Mann.

42  
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
The Sorrows of Young Werther
, trans. by R. D. Boylan (Mondial, 2006), p. 97.

43  
‘two Germanys’: TM, speech, 29 May 1945, in
Thomas Mann’s Addresses Delivered at the Library of Congress, 1942
–
1949
(Library of Congress, 1963), p. 64.

44  
For the difference between
Kultur
and
Zivilisation
see EM and KM,
The Other Germany,
p. 71.

‘Progress, revolution’: TM’s ‘Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man,’ 1918, cited in Mark W. Clark,
Beyond Catastrophe: German Intellectuals and Cultural Renewal after World War II, 1945–1955
(Lexington Books, 2006), p. 86.

‘civilising, rationalising’: TM, 1919, cited in Clark,
Beyond Catastrophe
, p. 87.

45  
For a fuller discussion of these ideas, see Clark,
Beyond Catastrophe
, and Wolf Lepenies,
The Seduction of Culture in German History
(Princeton University Press, 2006).

46  
See TM’s lecture ‘On the German Republic’, 1922, reprinted in
The Weimar Republic Sourcebook
, ed. by Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg (University of California Press, 1994), pp. 105–06.

47  
For a discussion of the aestheticisation of politics in Germany in the interwar period, see Walter Benjamin, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, 1936, in
Illuminations,
ed. by Hannah Arendt, trans. by Harry Zohn (Jonathan Cape, 1970), pp. 219–54.

48  
‘fanatical’, ‘ruthless’, ‘escape responsibility’, ‘a defeated enemy’: Directive JCS 1067 to the Commander in Chief of U.S. forces in Germany, April 1945,
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=2297

49  
‘a good clean fight’, ‘Oh, well’: broadcast to US soldiers on the Armed Forces Radio Service, Mar 1945, cited in Hitchcock,
Liberation
, p. 182.

‘mighty pretty’, ‘You are not’:
Your Job in Germany
, dir. by Frank Capra (1944), cited in Nicholas Pronay and Keith Wilson (ed.),
The Political Re-education of Germany and her Allies after World War II
(Croom Helm, 1985) pp. 200–01.

‘There are only’: Brigadier W. E. van Cutsem, ‘The German Character’, cited in Meehan,
A Strange Enemy People
, p. 55.

50  
‘Defeat and occupation’: Richard Crossman, ‘Guilt and Non-Fraternisation’,
New Statesman
, 21 Apr 1945.

51  
‘very austere’; ‘We are not’: ‘“Austere” Press, Radio Is Planned for Germany’,
The New York Times
, 3 May 1945.

4:
Occupation

1  
‘Do you think’: SS to Julian Huxley, 4 Dec 1944, cited in John Sutherland,
Stephen Spender: The Authorized Biography
(Penguin, 2005), p. 299.

2  
‘political mission’: John Lehmann, ‘In Daylight’, Jun 1945, in
New Writing and Daylight
, Sep 1945, p. 13. On SS’s articles about German literature, see for example ‘Hölderlin, Goethe and Germany’,
Horizon,
Oct 1943, where he praises Goethe in particular as writing ‘world literature’, influenced by English literature (particularly Shakespeare) and influencing English literature in his turn.

3  
‘the highest respect’: Curt Riess, ‘We Must Win Another Battle in Germany; That battle is re-education of the people and there are no short cuts to victory’,
The New York Times
, 20 May 1945.

4  
‘My dear’: cited in Humphrey Carpenter,
W. H. Auden: A Biography
(OUP, 1992), p. 333.

5  
This is taken from James Stern’s account of his arrival in Frankfurt in
The Hidden Damage
, p. 83.

6  
‘Of course it matters’: cited in Carpenter,
W. H. Auden
, pp. 256–57.

On Auden’s pacifism, see Carpenter,
W. H. Auden
, pp. 270–71.

7  
‘a tempestuous ocean’: Stern,
The Hidden Damage
, p. 94.

8  
‘We heard that’: Stern,
The Hidden Damage
, pp. 131, 139.

9  
‘dumb, expressionless’, ‘so colossal’; ‘What do you say’: Stern,
The Hidden Damage
, pp. 81, 230.

10  
Stern,
The Hidden Damage
, p. 77.

11  
Stern,
The Hidden Damage
, pp. 167, 97.

12  
‘The people . . . ’: WHA to Tania Stern, cited in Carpenter,
W. H. Auden
, p. 335.

‘It is illiterate and absurd’: WHA, cited in Carpenter,
W. H. Auden
, p. 334.

‘We went into a city’: WHA, unpublished interview for
Time
by T. G. Foote, 1963, cited in Carpenter,
WH Auden
, p. 335.

13  
For the allocation of zones see MacDonogh,
After the Reich
, introduction (pp. 1–24).

14  
‘the most robust’: cited in Bessel,
Germany 1945
, p. 288.