Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (146 page)

tail wagging the dog
concept,
120–121

tango rote memorization as member of category
boat on tracks
,
521–522

Tartaglia, Niccolò,
438

taste, good
versus
bad,
see
good taste

technical terms, originating in everyday world,
395–400

technology, understood through homey analogies,
394–400

technomorphism,
404–407

telephone-answering gaffe,
175

“temps”, distinct concepts associated with the French word,
78

Thagard, Paul,
330

Thank you!
situations,
46–47
,
74

“that” as mediating me-too analogies,
148–149

“the” as naming a category,
76

“theorem” of set theory applicable to subtraction word-problems,
431–434

“there”, as mediating analogies,
23
,
140–143
,
156
,
366

“There Is No Word” (Tony Hoagland),
133

thermodynamics, as bedrock of physics,
458

thinking, non-logical nature of,
258
,
307–312

“thinking outside the box” and “thinking different”, as recipes for creativity,
248–249

thirteen types of cubic equations,
439–440

“thirties, the”, as a single historical precedent,
332
,
334

Thor/Scott resemblance,
181–182
,
224

thoughts, blended together,
see
biplans
,
lexical blends three fifties
versus
fifty threes
,
414–415
,
422

three stars/Nobel Prize
analogy,
462

three subtractions
versus
one subtraction,
429–434

throwaway analogies,
see
me-too analogies
,
banalogies

thumb/big toe
and
thumb/little toe
analogies,
516

thumb/little finger
analogy,
350–351

thumb #1/thumb #2
analogy,
350
,
515
,
516

Tim, developing the concept of
mother
,
34–38
,
48

“time”, concepts associated with the English word,
77–78
,
82–83

time: described in terms of space,
63
; negative amounts of,
441

time perception
versus
price perception,
429–434

“timeless essences” of experiences,
172–174

titmice conflated with mice,
385–386
,
387

toe/finger
analogy,
464

toe-stubbing in Copycat domain,
356–357

Tom, who saw a cigarette “melting”,
see
Sander
,
Tom “too”, as the name of a category
,
76

total rote recording of events,
172
,
174
,
348

Towers of Hanoi puzzle, naïvely misconstrued,
294–295

tracks, as obstacle to train’s motion
versus
as enabler of train’s motion,
314–315

trains, frame-blended with each other,
140–141
,
366

transculturation: in translation,
377–382
; reasons to avoid,
379

transfer in problem-solving dependent on superficial features,
340

transforming acceleration away,
487

translation: of
Alice in Wonderland
,
369–370
; analogies as indispensable in,
370–372
,
375–382
; as decoding process,
368
,
370
; frame-blending’s role in,
367–368
,
378–379
; grammar’s key role in,
376–377
; human approach to,
370–372
,
374–377
; by machine,
25
,
367–377
,
378
; not necessarily entailing a loss in quality,
382
; preservation of rhyme and meter in,
380–382
; preservation of tone in,
370–372
,
378
,
381–382
; statistical approach to,
372–374
; superficial analogies used by machines for,
373
,
375
; transculturation’s role in,
377–382
; understanding of meaning as indispensable for,
375–377

translator #1/translator #2
analogy in publishing,
306–308

traps: due to surface-level appearances,
345
; due to unconscious preconceptions,
290–295

trees
versus
forest,
93

triage, for rapid categorization, served by analogy-making,
46

tribe with dual meanings for words,
286

triggering of memories via analogy,
18
,
161
;
see also
evocation,
reminding
,
memory retrieval

“trips” “placed in” “shopping carts”,
397–398

trivial side show more fascinating than the main event
, as conceptual skeleton of numerous situations,
162–166

truck
, members of Lenni’s category,
43

true identity of objects, illusion of,
190–192

Trump, Donald,
523

truth, conveyed through falsity and analogy,
366

Turkey as the Falkland Islands of Greece,
332

Turner, Mark,
38
,
335
,
362–364
,
365
,
433
,
443

“turnip”, opacity to an English speaker,
232

“turn the other eye”, contributing phrases in,
262–264

Twain, Mark,
130
; face of,
182–184
,
520
,
521

Twain/Grieg/Einstein
category,
182–184
,
336
,
520
,
522

Tweedledee,
436
;
see also
Tweedledum Tweedledum,
446
;
see also
Tweedledee Tweety, as potential member of category
bird
,
59–60

Tylenol murders, conceptual sphere around,
246–248

typefaces,
4–5
,
241

typicality of concepts, effects of,
390–391

tyranny of analogies,
310–312

—U—

Ulam, Stanislaw,
502

unconscious analogies,
259–281
,
282
,
285–286
,
383
,
386
,
390
,
403–407
;
see also
categorical blinders
,
errors
,
fleeting analogies
,
latent analogies
,
naïve analogies

understanding: as becoming used to something,
416
; bypassing of, in machine translation,
368–370
,
372–375
; indispensability of, in human translation,
375–377

undo
, on-line concept of, frame-blended with physical world,
406

undressing a banana,
39
,
270
; as flip of peeling off clothes,
126

unfortunate incidents caused by trying to avoid them
, category of,
524–526

unification: as characteristic of Einstein’s analogies,
453–454
; as key cognitive drive in mathematics and physics,
440
,
441
;
see also
cosmic sense of unity
,
Einstein

universal concepts,
79
,
80–81

unlabeled concepts,
see
concepts

unmarked meaning of a word, 193

“unpacking” of a concept when needed,
50–52

unsolvability via radicals of quintic equation,
446

upwards leap as “recipe” for creativity,
247–252
,
256

—V—

vacuum: in a given language,
see
lacunæ; as medium for waves
,
212–213
,
361
,
455
,
see also
black body

vegetarianism, caricature analogy explaining logic of,
326

vehicular shadow,
207

verbal labels as merely hinting at categories’ nature,
94
,
96–99

verbs as names of categories,
39–42
,
66–67
,
399

vertical refinement of category systems,
235–245

“very”, as the name of a very intangible category,
75

vibrational energy of atoms, quantization of,
456–457
,
460

Vietnam, as the Czechoslovakia of the 1960s,
334

Vietnam War: decisions affecting the course of,
331–337
; as hackneyed source for political analogies,
17

Villani, Cédric,
500

virtual desktop, paradox concerning,
401

virtual world: as model for the physical world,
402–407
; mouse moving things in,
252–253
; understood by analogy to tangible world,
395–400

virtuosity in memory retrieval,
110
,
128

virtus dormitiva
,
248
,
249

vision and understanding, deep relation of,
286–287

visual analogies: combined with functional analogies,
277–278
; misleading, as central to an episode’s encoding,
169–170

Vitruvius,
210

Volkswagen on stump as Christmas tree,
253–254

volumes suddenly perceived everywhere,
301–302

—W—

waiting room of a professional
schema,
see
office visit

wartime decisions: as opposed to domestic decisions,
337
; role of analogy in,
17
,
331–337

water, as minimal beverage,
280

watered-down
, concept of,
280

water waves,
see
waves

wavelength,
210–213
,
455
,
459
,
460

waves : on a beach,
209
; circular motion in water,
211
; due to compression,
211
,
213
,
361
; crisscrossing in blackbody cavity,
455–456
; dispersive
versus
nondispersive,
211
; Doppler effect for,
469–471
; electromagnetic,
212–213
,
455–460
,
462
,
469–471
, 483 (
see also
light
); frequency of,
210
; gradual abstraction of concept of,
209–214
; of hands,
209
; hitchhiking on other waves,
213
; interference of,
210
; light understood as,
211–213
,
361
; longitudual
versus
transverse,
210–211
,
213
,
361
; medium of,
210–214
,
361
; of moonlets in Saturn’s rings,
213
; on the open sea,
209
; period of,
210
; quantum-mechanical,
214
,
453
; reflection of,
210
; refraction of,
210
; sound understood as,
210–213
,
361
; speed of,
209
,
211
,
213
; of spin,
213
; of temperature,
213
; of traffic,
211
; in vacuum,
212–213
,
361
; in water, due to gravity,
209
; in water, due to surface tension,
209–211
; of wheat,
209
,
214
; wrong guesses about,
361

Way We Think, The
(Fauconnier and Turner),
362–364
,
443

“we”, three senses of,
196

Weaver, Warren,
368
,
369–370
,
372

Web, World-Wide, as repository of speech errors,
261

wedding-ring loss, me-too analogies based on,
146–147

Weidemann, Christoph, request for water by,
280

weightlessness,
491
,
493–494

where
, carried from physical world to virtual world,
407

Where there’s smoke, there’s fire
situations,
102–103

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