Read Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking Online
Authors: Douglas Hofstadter,Emmanuel Sander
sandwichology, burning questions of,
215–216
San Francisco, parking in,
296–297
,
327–328
Santa Clara Valley, metamorphosis of,
397
Sapir–Whorf effect,
123–124
; cultural version of,
128–131
Saturn’s rings, waves in the medium of,
213
schemas: as another name for categories,
336
;
office visit
as an example of,
336–337
;
versus
concrete concepts,
336–337
Schrödinger, Erwin,
453
Schweitzer, Albert, face of,
183–184
science-fiction story as core of a category,
524–526
scientific discoveries: boldness of analogies in,
360–361
; mediated by seeing two phenomena as bagels from the same batch,
310
Scott/Thor facial resemblance as an analogy,
181–182
search engines, limited to surface,
115
search
, virtual, frame-blended with physical search,
402
,
405
secret agent in tunnel
category,
167–168
self-monitoring by speakers,
72–73
Selvinsky, Il’ya L’vovich, poem by,
9–10
semantic approximations,
39–43
,
270–278
semantic halos: errors caused by,
270–278
; as sources of latent analogies,
271
,
273
semantic memory,
137
semantic space/nebula
analogy,
119–120
semantic space, zones in,
10
,
78–81
,
83–84
,
118–124
,
132
;
see also
conceptual spaces
senses, physiological, and analogy-making,
286–288
sentence choice constrained by idea choice,
26
sentences: blended together,
268–269
; ready-made,
98–99
September 11th: as category,
297
; imposing itself on perceptions of events,
31
,
297–298
; pluralization of,
297–298
sexist default assumption,
293
sexist language and marking,
193–195
shadow: due to absence of light,
204–206
; due to absence of mysterious particles,
208
; due to absence of rain,
205
,
207
; due to absence of snow,
205–206
; due to absence of vehicles,
207
; due to absence of young males,
208
; gradual abstraction of,
204–209
; in late afternoon,
205
; of Nazism,
208
Shakespeare, William,
130
,
132
; of advertising, the,
222
shallow depth,
346
shallower and deeper aspects of concepts,
203–204
shallow features, experts’ blindness to,
343–344
sharing:
contrasted with
measuring
,
420–426
; as key concept in division,
419–426
; marked sense of,
419
; as necessarily reducing,
419
shells in a conceptual space,
81
shoes: of Albert Einstein,
455
; left
versus
right,
427
showers, used by analogy,
23
,
507
,
509
sibling
, concept of in various languages,
77
silver platters, analogies handed to the reader on,
160
,
170
Simmons, Curt,
325
simplification, as key drive in mathematics and physics,
440
simulation,
see
mental simulation
single-member categories as no different from multiple-member categories,
39
“sitting right
there”
,
140–141
situations: constant real-time encoded of,
161
; doing the thinking in math problems,
432
; evoking categories,
45–47
,
450
; lacking clear boundaries,
33
,
161
; multi-categorizability of,
188
; possessing both superficial and deep aspects,
342–344
,
515
;
see also
analogy-making
,
remindings
sixty
, pointless analogy involving,
281–282
,
285
size changes, adults’ naïve view of,
295
size, role of, in encoding of situations,
163
skunk caused by stench, thanks to Maxmell’s equations,
411
slippages, conceptual: between opposite concepts,
276–277
,
356–357
; in caricature analogies,
321–326
; cascade of,
357
; due to conceptual proximity,
270–278
; engendering conceptual broadening,
150
; in level of abstraction,
186
; in me-too analogies,
144
,
146–148
,
151
; riding on coattails of other slippages,
276
,
357
; role of, in creativity,
186–187
,
249–256
; triggered by esthetic pressures,
350–351
,
352
,
354
,
357
; unintended, from one person’s name to another’s,
224
Smith, Peter,
see
Peter miswriting year
smoking causing impotence,
362
smurfs, limited vocabulary of,
108
snag, outflanking of, in Copycat domain,
356–357
“sniffing” the crux of a math problem,
450–451
Snoopy the cat, caricature analogy involving,
319
snow shadow, photo of,
206
snuoiqers
versus
iggfruders,
11
“so to speak”, to indicate honorary category members,
64–65
soccer played with a bowling ball,
318
Socrates,
16
; of snails, the,
222
solutions of polynomials, formal symmetries of,
446–447
sound choice mediated by word choice,
25
sound particles/light particles
analogy by Einstein,
461
;
see also
light waves/sound waves analogy sound-quantum hypothesis
,
461
sound waves, Doppler effect for,
469–471
sounds
versus
noises
,
126
source–target paradigm in psychology experiments,
339–340
sour grapes
situations: category of,
29–30
,
113–118
,
310
; contrasted with
silver lining
situations,
117–118
space/space-time
analogy,
498–499
Spalding, Thomas,
436
speaker/driver
analogy,
73
special relativity,
see
relativity, special
spectrum: blackbody,
455–459
; defined,
455–456
; of ideal gas,
457–459
speech errors: blatant when placed in frames,
261
; collecting of,
261
; no extra insights in analyzing one’s own,
264
; rampant on Web,
261
; revealed by hesitations, phonetic distortions, etc.,
263
,
269
,
281
; translation of,
379
;
see also
errors
,
lexical blends
spider, as occasional member of category
insect
,
58
spilling the beans
as a category,
96–97
spinning universe,
487
square roots of negative numbers: analogy to ordinary numbers,
442
; fear of,
442–443
squares
, as questionable
rectangles
,
234–238
,
255
staircases, negotiated by analogy,
507
,
509
,
516
statistical approach to machine translation,
372–374
staying on the surface
versus
going into depth,
344
stealing
, conceptual halo around,
106–107
stereotypes: of analogy-making,
135–136
,
392
,
521
,
529
; of creativity in physics,
452
; efficiency of,
466
; as overhasty categorizations,
527–528
; shallowness of,
346
Stevens, Wallace,
38
sticks for stirring coffee, absurdity of,
317
,
321–322
strange mass: analogous to energy,
479
; mutating from one form to another,
479
;
versus
normal mass,
476–485
Streep, Meryl, of spitting, the,
222
,
360
strings, alphabetic,
347
string/wire
conceptual conflation,
277
,
278
“study”
versus
“office”,
47–49
stupidity, not the same as ignoring most of the world,
426–427
subgroups, nesting patterns of,
447
subjectivity: of analogies,
522–526
; of categorizations,
522–526
subscripts/exponents
analogy,
169–170
,
174
substitutions, Lagrange’s theory of,
446
,
447
subtraction word-problems, various strategies for solving,
421–422
,
425
,
429–434
suburban sprawl likened to marginal or metaphorical uses of a word or phrase,
62
,
65–66
Sue (fictional Tim’s fictional mother),
34
,
37
,
38
sunset, as seen by astronomy students,
389
“superficial”: meaning of,
340
; pejorative
versus
neutral connotations of,
344
superficial features: guiding perception only in one’s domains of incompetence,
340
; experts’ blindness to,
343–344
; role played by, in memory retrieval,
171
,
343
;
versus
deep features,
340
“superfluid” Copycat analogy,
352
superimposing of instances creating more abstract concept,
23
,
35
,
334
,
336–337
,
521–522
;
see also
schemas
surfaces: bad reputation of,
344
; as cues to depths,
345–346
; as royal road to essences,
344–346
surfaces
versus
essences: proverbs about,
102
; of certain proverbs,
102
,
106–107
surface/depth
correlation,
345–346
surface/depth
distinction: merely a surface-level contrast,
344
; nonexistent for novices,
341–344
surgeon riddle,
293
surgery, mathematical notion of,
426
survival: as dependent on rapid analogy-making,
506–507
; as dependent on rapid categorization,
79
,
505–506
SUV/search engine
analogy,
402
swerves in discourse space,
72–73
swimming pool/black body
explanatory analogy,
see
black body
“swimming pool table” analogy,
455
,
457–458
;
see also
black body/ideal gas analogy
sword of Damocles
, as a category,
95–96
syllepses,
see
zeugmas syllogisms
,
15–16
,
193
,
437
symbol-manipulation recipes, role of analogy-making in the evocation of,
451
symmetry: abstract forms of,
446–447
; as an ideal kind of analogy,
357
synopsis of the book,
29–32
syntactic slots as categories,
68–70
—T—
tags for photos, as analogues to encodings of experiences,
172