Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (141 page)

Lin Baofen,
12

Lincoln, Abraham,
368–372

linguistic borrowing changing meanings,
122

Linhares, Alex, playing soccer with a bowling ball,
31
,
318

Linnæus, Carl,
60

lion/speaker
analogy,
71

liquid assets
versus
frozen assets,
476–477

liquid energy/strange mass
analogy,
480

lists: of abstract circular structures in daily life,
355
; of abstract ideas based on physiological senses,
287
; of abstract uses of “mother”,
37
,
38
; of absurdly nitpicky concepts,
83
; of acronyms,
90–91
; of action errors,
279
; of activated categories in search of instances,
299
; of activities for one’s child,
31
; of activities prohibited in public places,
138
; of ad-hoc categories,
138
; of adjective pairs to label the two types of mass,
485
; of affordances of objects,
345
; of
agitation
-like categories,
74
; of ambiguous objects poised between two categories,
191–192
; of analogies involved in creating general relativity,
499
; of analogies underlying great physics discoveries,
453
; of analogues to falling knife,
28–29
; of “and” usages,
71
; of anti-proverbs glorifying the superficial,
338
; of approaches to translating “Four score and seven years ago”,
370–372
; of attributes of fictional “Sue”,
37
; of Bengali-poetry properties,
343
; of big things that started small,
108–109
; of biplans,
269
; of bodies having surfaces,
344
; of books, strange types of,
83
; of canine analogies that impress,
180
; of canine concepts,
179
; of canonized cultural landmarks,
222
; of canonized individuals,
222
; of careful analogy-crafters,
382
; of caricature analogies,
318–320
; of catchy new concepts,
129
; of categories Ann belongs to,
59
,
191
; of categories ex-Concorde on pedestal belongs to,
192
; of categories mathematics might be assigned to,
510
; of categories Mr. Martin’s purchase belongs to,
189–190
; of categorizations having opaque mechanisms,
511
; of category distinctions never taught in schools,
126
,
127
; of children’s semantic approximations,
39–41
; of chunked items in grocery stores,
92
; of cognitive-dissonance reduction situations,
116
; of colorful acts of categorization,
510
; of common metaphorical uses of words,
62
; of compound words in French and Italian,
89
; of compound words with “air”,
86
; of compound words with rival plurals,
87
; of compound words with unnoticed components,
86
; of computer concepts used in daily life,
402–404
; of concepts at the core of a conceptual space,
79
; of concepts close to
golfer
,
49
,
50
; of concepts modified by their “children”,
53–54
; of concepts tacit in the concept
hub
,
52
,
54
; of concepts whose members have great reality to us,
132
; of concepts with blurry boundaries,
60
; of concepts with labels of ever-greater length,
111
; of conceptual broadenings of catchy new concepts,
130
; of conceptual-proximity slippage errors,
271–276
; of conjunctions that name categories,
55
,
70
; of consequences of special relativity,
468
; of
containment
situations in everyday life,
333
; of conventional metaphorical usages,
232
; of cousins of the word “and”,
72
; of cousins of the word “but”,
30
,
72
,
74
; of criteria for
bird
-ness,
55
; of “dead” acronyms,
93
; of decision-making situations,
330
; of definitions of intelligence,
125
; of definitions of multiplication,
412
; of different ways of eating,
10
; of diverse factors influencing categorization,
526
; of diverse forms of caricature analogies,
320
; of division wordproblems concocted by students,
416
; of division wordproblems that give a larger answer,
418
; of doctors who generalize known cures,
463–465
; of dog breeds,
238
; of English phrases used in French,
122
; of entities belonging to rival categories,
191–192
; of “equations” in advertisements,
409
; of errors mediated by mutually reinforcing analogies,
277–278
; of everyday analogies,
507
; of everyday concepts of boundless richness,
5
; of fairly low-frequency concepts,
81
; of familiar concepts,
390
; of families of metaphors,
63
; of famous golfers of yore,
49
; of fancy names used by professionals for familiar things,
421
; of fancy technical concepts,
51
; of
fauxthenticity
examples,
176–177
,
178
; of features of
attics
,
48–49
; of features of
offices
,
47
; of features of
studies
,
47–48
; of four division problems involving photos,
422
; of frame-blending Copycat analogies,
359
; of French phrases used in English,
122
; of French words for “pattern”,
81
; of French words for “to get”,
80
; of gearshift attributes,
344
; of genericized brand names,
217
; of generic-male usages,
193
; of geniuses of yore who would be astounded by today’s commonplace knowledge,
130
; of great commanders,
125
; of highly variegated categories,
516
; of historical precedents of the Vietnam War,
332
; of household-item compound words,
88
; of human needs engendering cultural activities,
314
; of hypothetical contributions today of yesterday’s geniuses,
132
; of hypothetical idioms for “spill the beans”,
96
; of idiomatic phrases,
95
; of ignored aspects of familiar things,
427
; of impenetrable idioms,
105
; of inferences made from category membership,
20
,
21
; of
ingrained habit suddenly turns obsolete
situations,
149
; of items frequently used in division wordproblems,
419
; of Jewish-mother jokes,
93
; of Jewish-mother traits,
94
; of labeled concepts,
20
; of levels of abstraction in the speech chain,
25–26
; of lexical blends,
260
; of life lessons derived from Pac-Man,
303
; of lists in this book,
569–570
; of lovely spots in San Francisco,
296
; of Mandarin verbs for playing instruments,
12
; of marginal category-memberships,
56
; of marginal members of the category
bridge
,
67
; of marking in language,
193–194
; of maternal traits,
34
,
38
; of meanings of the French word “ciel”,
375
; of meanings of the word “band”,
3–4
; of
meccas
,
220
; of mechanical experiments, types of,
466–467
; of medium-frequency concepts,
81
; of members of the
bark worse than bite
category,
96
; of members of the category
unfortunate incidents caused by trying to avoid them
,
524
,
526
; of members of the category
very
,
75
; of metaphorical mothers,
38
; of metaphorical usages of “to break”,
42
; of metaphors casting abstract activities in terms of mundane activities,
63
; of metaphors casting complex situations in terms of fights,
63
; of metaphors casting moods in terms of heights,
63
; of metaphors not belonging to a systematic family,
63
; of metaphors used by metaphor-bashing philosophers,
22
; of me-too’s featuring subtle conceptual slippages,
146
; of me-too’s triggered by a compliment to a spouse,
147–148
; of mistaken categorizations,
527
; of monosyllabic lexical blends,
267
; of morality-as-cleanliness stock phrases,
289
; of “much” phrases,
67
,
69
,
70
; of a multitasker’s activities,
403
; of mundane, unseen analogies,
23
; of negative numerical quantities in everyday life,
441
; of 9/11’s,
297–298
; of noncountability of members of the simplest of categories,
61
; of non-lexicalized categories,
139
; of non-subjective analogies,
525
; of notions implicit in the category
plate
,
519
; of objective categorizations,
522
; of obsessions engendering analogies,
301–302
; of
office
-like categories,
74
; of old words with new technological meanings,
396
,
398
; of
once bitten twice shy
situations,
103
; of opaque French idioms,
97
; of operation–result “equations” in daily life,
408; of other cultures’ proverbs for “Once bitten, twice shy”,
105
; of pairs of contradictory proverbs,
101
; of parameters affecting one’s likelihood to jump to a conclusion via analogy,
307
,
309
; of Parises of the United States,
16
; of parts of an airport,
52
; of pasta types,
243–244
; of phrases describing space in terms of time,
63
; of phrases describing time in terms of space,
63
; of phrases modified by “quote unquote”,
64–65
; of physics phenomena belonging to electromagnetism,
467
; of physics phenomena belonging to mechanics,
466
,
494
; of pieces of knowledge needed to understand a contemporary phrase,
128
; of Platonic animal categories,
56
; of plausible contributors to a lexical blend,
266
; of pointless analogies,
283
; of polysyllabic lexical blends,
267
; of
popes
,
219
; of possible meanings of Nick’s Nubian me-too,
151
; of potential distinctions between categorization and analogy-making,
503
; of potential members of the category
bird
,
59
,
60
; of proverbs about the sum of many little things,
109
; of proverbs applicable to rationalization situations,
117–118
; of proverbs poised halfway between categorization and analogy-making,
100
; of pseudo-proverbs,
105
; of questionable members of familiar categories,
528
; of random thoughts in an airport,
33
; of readymade sentences,
98
; of reasons division always makes things smaller,
417
; of reasons division wordproblems cannot give a larger answer,
418
; of reasons underlying Greece’s position in the Falkland Islands War,
332
; of recent words coined from productive suffixes,
129
; of reliable run-of-the-mill analogies,
529
; of rival categorizations of a bag-toting woman,
127
; of running-race metaphors,
289
; of salient entities typically used in caricature analogies,
320
; of sample languages that Google Translate offers,
377
; of schoolday analogies,
17
; of sci-fi fantasies rooted in familiar phenomena,
314
; of sentences with the word “normalement”,
82
; of similarities underpinning the Carol/Isabel analogy,
313
; of single-word categories,
85
; of situations defined by proverbs,
174
; of
sour grapes
situations,
113
,
114
; of spicy one-line analogies,
136
; of stock phrases shooting words into the speech chain,
25
; of striking events liable to evoke memories,
158
; of subcategories of
dog
,
240
; of subjective categorizations,
523
; of superordinate categories of dog,
240
,
520
; of symbols of sadness after a death,
300
; of
tail wagging the dog
situations,
120-121
; of thank-you’s of various flavors,
46
; of things analogous to asparagus tips,
19
; of
trivial side show
situations,
162–163
; of types of analogies used in word-and phrase-retrieval in one’s native language,
376
; of types of sandwiches,
214–216
; of types of shadows,
204–209
; of types of waves,
209–214
; of unfamiliar concepts,
390
; of unintended name slippages,
224
; of universally important concepts,
80
; of unstriking events not liable to evoke memories,
158
; of unusual professions,
242
; of usages of “much”,
70
; of varieties of
mess
,
127
; of verb-like phenomena presumably lacking mass,
475
; of verbs used as category names,
66
; of virtual actions frame-blended with real-world actions,
405–407
; of virtual actions we perform daily,
395
; of virtual objects we use daily,
395
; of ways of missing the gist of a situation,
125
; of wildly different-looking animals,
516
; of words that start with “multi”,
413
; of words with different connotations in English and Chinese,
368
; of zeugmas,
6