Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (136 page)

circles, non-Euclidean,
498

circular structures in Copycat domain and in real life,
355

circumference/diameter ratio,
498
; see also
π

cities, blurriness of boundaries of,
62

city
, as metaphor for
concept
,
61–62
,
522

clairvoyance in encoding, chimera of,
173–174
,
353–354

Claro, Francisco and Isabel,
312–313

classical music
, category in the mind of a rock-music lover,
241

classical view of concepts,
13–14
,
54–57
,
435
;
see also
Rosch, Eleanor

classification
versus
categorization,
20

cleanliness/morality
analogy,
289–290

Clement, Catherine,
436

Clément, Évelyne,
295

clocks, blocks, and rocks,
481

clothing
, fringe members of the category of,
528

clouds: covering up details of sabbatical year,
50
; how many in the sky?,
57

coal/diamond
conceptual unification,
454

coattails, conceptual slippages riding on,
276
,
357

cocoons, literal
versus
metaphorical,
64

coffee: drunk with a fork,
325–326
,
383
; marked usages of the concept,
185–186
,
194
,
203
,
230
; stirred with absurdly thin sticks,
317
,
321–322
; three stars awarded for, by Guide Michelin,
462

cognitive (anti-)economy, in memory retrieval,
341–344

cognitive dissonance: as a driving force in creativity,
483
,
484
,
490–491
; reduction of, as a category,
115–117
; situations exemplifying the drive to reduce,
116
;
see also
pressures

Cole, K. C., semantic-proximity error by,
275

colloidal particles/hanging lamps
analogy,
458

Come on!
situations,
42

command languages, as blocks to progress,
252

communism/gravity
analogy,
333–334

commutativity of multiplication,
413–416

comparisons of numbers, as analogies,
153–154
,
281–282
,
285

competition between categories,
260–278
,
281

complex numbers: algebraic completeness of,
445
; discovery and gradual acceptance of,
442–443
; prime numbers generalized to the domain of,
448

compound noun phrase, unparsable,
92

compound words: as names of categories,
86–89
; in other languages,
87
,
89
; as requiring no more cognitive work than simple words,
88

compression of situations to their essences,
see
essence-spotting

compromise, as potential source of quality,
382

Compton, Arthur Holley,
462
,
463

Compton effect, clinching light quanta’s existence,
462

computers: as category-less dunces,
24–25
,
369
,
374
; homey analogies helping people to relate to,
395–400
; as revolutionary development,
394–395
; as source for naïve analogies to understand the physical world,
402–407

concepts: abstract, rooted in concrete experiences,
28–29
,
286–289
,
333–337
; “in the air”, list of,
128–131
; classical view of,
54–57
; contrasted with nested boxes,
52
; contrasted with physical tools,
132
; distance between, imprecision of,
65
; of dogs,
178–181
; extended via analogy-making,
34–38
; halos around,
49–50
; implicit boundaries of,
106–109
; internal structures of,
50–54
; as modified by their “children”,
52–54
; non-monolithic nature of,
3–13
; order of acquisition of,
54
; Platonic, hopefully obeying precise laws,
56
; prototype
versus
exemplar theory of,
57
; typical
versus
atypical,
390–391
; unlabeled,
20
; zooming in on,
50
,
51
;
see also
categories

conceptual blends,
see
frame blends

conceptual broadening,
see
category extension

conceptual distinctions, made by different languages,
8–13

conceptual halo centered on specific event,
148–153

conceptual integration networks,
335
;
see also
frame blends

conceptual leaps at high levels of abstraction,
251

conceptual-proximity slippage errors,
224–225
,
270–278

conceptual reversal, as subtle step,
249
,
356–357
,
482–483

conceptual skeletons: analogies between,
354
; as mediators of remindings,
30
,
143
; multiplicity of, for any situation,
162
; revealed by caricature analogies,
326–330
; verbalized in opaque legalese,
4
,
144
,
149
,
329–330

conceptual slippage,
see
slippages, conceptual

conceptual spaces,
50
; empty beyond a certain point,
119–120
; filled with colored blobs,
78–84
,
119–123
,
132
; rapid-fire maneuvers in,
128
;
see also
semantic space

Concorde on pedestal, ambiguous category membership of,
192

concrete concepts: necessary but not sufficient for clear thinking,
329
,
419
,
424
; underpinning abstract analogies,
28–29
,
286–289
,
333–337

conjunctions, as names of concepts,
55
,
70–75
,
276

Connes, Alain,
509

conservation: of energy,
472
,
479
; of mass,
472
,
475
; of strange mass,
479

constraints as catalyzing creativity,
315
,
380–382

containment
, concept of, in wartime decisions,
333
,
335

contamination: of a date via analogy,
298
; of one side of an analogy by another,
359–367
,
365
; of one’s image of a person by another person,
225
; semantic, of
division
by
sharing
,
426

content words
versus
grammatical devices,
76

continuity
, concept of,
391–393

conversation: as driven by analogies on many levels,
25–27
,
514
; as illusory criterion for
speaking a language
,
61

Copernicus, Nicolas,
44

“copycat”, meaning of the word,
347

Copycat analogies: frame-blending and,
359–360
,
363–364
; involving
aabc
,
363–364
; involving
ace
,
353–354
; involving
dyz
,
357
,
360
; involving iijjkk,
348–350
,
353
,
359–360
; involving
mrrjjj
,
351–353
,
360
; involving
pqrr
,
363–364
; involving
pqrs
,
347
; involving
tky
,
348
; involving
xyz
,
354–358
,
360
,
371
,
477
; literal-mindedness in,
348–349
,
351
,
355
,
357–359

Copycat domain: encodings in,
346–349
,
353–354
; frame-blending in,
358–360
,
363–364
; nature of,
347

copycat killer,
246–247

cork, pushed inwards instead of pulled outwards,
249–250

cornet/Coronet
conflation,
291–292
; translation of, into French,
379–380

correlational structure of the world,
345

cosmic sense of unity, Einsteinian,
468
,
473
,
480
,
481
,
484
,
486
,
501

Coulomb’s law of electrical force,
489

counterfactual scenario implicit in “safe beach”,
362

counting: as an intrinsically imprecise activity,
57
,
61
; used in solving word problems,
see
mental simulation

couple #1/couple #2
analogy,
514

courses on categorization and quotation-mark usage,
60
,
65
,
70

Courteline, Georges,
509

creativity: and category extension,
246–254
; and conceptual slippage,
186–187
; mechanisms of as opposed to recipes for,
251
; not teachable in schools,
248
; and obsessions,
300–301
; stereotype of,
452
; supposed inexplicability of,
501
; would-be recipes for,
248–249

cross-Channel bounces of lexical items,
122–123

crossed wires,
see
errors
,
speech errors

crown/body
analogy by Archimedes,
251

crux,
see
conceptual skeletons
,
essences

cubic equation: analogy to quadratic equation,
438
; broken into 13 types,
439
; requiring imaginary numbers,
442
; search for formula for,
438–439
; unified formula for, thanks to negative numbers,
440

cup recognition as analogy-making,
184

Curie, Marie,
38

curiosity, as evoking caricature analogies,
326–330

curved space-time,
499

“cute cookie, one”,
see
Doris Day

cutting the world at its “natural” joints,
14
,
77
,
522–523

Cyprus/Falkland Islands analogy,
332

—D—

dam harming Nubians, me-too analogy triggered by,
151–152

Danny at the Grand Canyon,
159–167
,
380–381
; as category with highly diverse members,
162–166
;
see also
Hofstadter, Danny

Danny/Dick analogy,
159–167
,
171
,
172–174

Dante Alighieri,
101
,
130
,
132

Day, Doris,
75

“de”, broken into two concepts by the English language,
78

dead acronyms,
93

dead end,
see
impasse

dead metaphors,
64
,
93
,
98

dean’s dazzling speech error,
261

death: of a friend reminding one of other deaths,
157
; of a loved one, altering perceptions of one’s environs,
300

Debye, Peter,
461

decapitalization following pluralization,
218

decision-making, role of analogies in,
330–337

decoding as translation strategy,
368
,
370
,
373–374

deduction, favored by educators,
393

deep features of situations: invisible to novices,
342
; salient for experts,
342–344
; supposedly missed by people in analogy-making,
337–340

deep
versus
shallow analogies,
337–346
,
351–357
,
375–376
,
454–455
,
517

deepest clues available, as mediating memory retrieval,
343–344

default assumptions, misleading,
290–293

defense mechanisms,
116–117

Degustibus non est disputandum, see
good taste

Delaware of cognition, analogy-making as the,
17