From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (203 page)

103
. Leffler,
Preponderance of Power,
333.

104
. Beisner,
Acheson,
233; Gregg Herken,
Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War,
1945–1950 (New York, 1980), 304–22.

105
. Department of State,
United States Relations with China: With Reference to the Period
1944–1949 (Washington, 1949), xvi.

106
. D. W. Brogan,
The American Character
(New York, 1956), 207–8.

107
. Schaller,
United States and China,
118–21, 130–34.

108
. The "lost opportunity" is debated in "Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China,"
Diplomatic History
21 (Winter 1997), 71–115.

109
. Beisner,
Acheson,
190–203.

110
. Ibid., 238.

111
. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950: National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy,
vol. 1 (Washington, 1977), 237–90.

112
. Beisner,
Acheson,
248.

113
. Ibid., 239; Chace,
Acheson,
168.

114
. Peter Lowe,
The Origins of the Korean War
(Essex, Eng., 1986) is a good survey. Bruce Cumings, in
The Origins of the Korean War,
vol. 1,
Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes,
1945–1947 (Princeton, N.J., 1981), and vol. 2,
The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947–1950
(Princeton, N.J., 1990), offers a provocative revisionist interpretation.

115
. Beisner,
Acheson,
326–29.

116
. Kathryn Weathersby, "To Attack or Not to Attack? Stalin, Kim Il Sung, and the Prelude to War,"
Cold War International History Bulletin
5 (1995), 1–9.

117
. William Stueck,
The Korean War: An International History
(Princeton, N.J., 1995), 41–44; Beisner,
Acheson,
333–37.

118
. Stueck,
Korean War,
85–95.

119
. Beisner,
Acheson,
403.

120
. Chen Jian, "In the Name of Revolution: China's Road to the Korean War Revisited," in William Stueck, ed.,
The Korean War in World History
(Lexington, Ky., 2004), 93–96.

121
. Stueck,
Korean War,
97–125.

122
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
377.

123
. Burton I. Kaufman,
The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command
(New York, 1986), 144–79.

124
. Rosemary J. Foot,
A Substitute for Victory: The Politics of Peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), 1–19, 206–22.

125
. Creighton Abrams quoted in George C. Herring, "Limited War," in Stanley I. Kutler, ed.,
Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century
(3 vols., New York, 1996), 2:662; Joseph C. Goulden,
Korea: The Untold Story of the War
(New York, 1982), xv.

126
. Zubok and Pleshakov,
Inside the Cold War,
70.

127
. LaFeber,
America, Russia, and the Cold War,
99.

128
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
430–42.

129
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat,
541.

130
. Walter LaFeber,
The Clash: U.S. Japanese Relations Throughout History
(New York, 1997), 288–95.

131
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
383.

132
. May, "U.S. Government," 273.

133
. James Bamford,
Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency
(New York, 2001), 31.

134
. Chester J. Pach Jr.,
Arming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program,
1945–1950 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 198.

135
. For the origins of Point Four, see Clifford,
Counsel to the President,
247–53. Thomas G. Paterson,
Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan
(rev. ed., New York, 1992), 147–58, provides a critique of the program.

136
. Walter L. Hixson,
Parting the Curtain
:
Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War,
1945–1961 (New York, 1998), 13; Derek Von Briesen, "The Campaign for Truth" (seminar paper, University of Kentucky, 1997), 5–10.

137
. Allan A. Needell, "Truth Is Our Weapon: Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State,"
Diplomatic History
17 (Summer 1993), 399–401.

138
. Hixson,
Parting the Curtain,
59–65.

139
. Frances Stonor Saunders,
The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters
(New York, 2000) discusses this project.

140
. David F. Schmitz,
Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man
(Wilmington, Del., 2001), xvi.

1
.
Denver Post
quoted in
New York Times,
March 7, 1953.

2
. Kenneth Osgood,
Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battles at Home and Abroad
(Lawrence, Kans., 2006), 75.

3
. Paul Gordon Lauren, Gordon A. Craig, and Alexander L. George,
Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Challenges of Our Time
(4th ed., New York, 2007), 88–95.

4
. Odd Arne Westad, "The New International History of the Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms,"
Diplomatic History
24 (Fall 2000), 551–65; Tony Smith, "New Bottles for New Wine: A Pericentric Framework for the Study of the Cold War," ibid., 567–91.

5
. Matthew Connelly, "Taking Off the Cold War Lens: Visions of North-South Conflict During the Algerian War for Independence,"
American Historical Review
105 (June 2000), 739–69.

6
. Thomas Borstelmann,
The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena
(Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 95; Jason Parker, "Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Reperiodization of the Postwar Era,"
Diplomatic History
30 (November 2006), 875; Matthew Jones, "A 'Segregated' Asia? Race, the Bandung Conference, and Pan Asianist Fears in American Thought and Policy, 1954–1955,"
Diplomatic History
29 (November 2005), 857.

7
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(New York, 1987), 390.

8
. Ernest R. May, "The U.S. Government, a Legacy of the Cold War,"
Diplomatic History
16 (Spring 1992), 269–77; William G. Carleton,
The Revolution in American Foreign Policy: Its Global Range
(New York, 1965), 38–40.

9
.
New York Times,
July 23, 2003; Jane C. Loeffler, "The Architecture of Diplomacy: Heyday of the United States Embassy-Building Program, 1954–1960,"
Journal of the Society of Architecture Historians
49 (September 1990), 251–78.

10
. For the 1950s, see James T. Patterson,
Grand Expectations, The United States, 1945–1974
(New York, 1996), 311–74.

11
. Stephen J. Whitfield,
The Culture of the Cold War
(2nd ed., Baltimore, 1996); Terry H. Anderson,
The Movement and the Sixties
(New York, 1996), 3–39.

12
. Seth Jacobs, " 'Our System Demands the Supreme Being': The U.S. Religious Revival and the 'Diem Experiment,' 1954–1955,"
Diplomatic History
25 (Fall 2001), 596; Laura Szumanski Steel, "In the Name of the Father: The American Catholic Church and United States Foreign Policy During the Vietnam War" (Ph.D. dissertation, Temple University, 2005),
chapter 1
.

13
. John Ernst,
Forging a Fateful Alliance: Michigan State University and the Vietnam War
(East Lansing, Mich., 1998), 6.

14
. Delia Pergande, "Private Voluntary Aid in Vietnam: The Humanitarian Politics of Catholic Relief and CARE, 1954–1965" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1999), 18–24.

15
. Borstelmann,
Cold War and the Color Line,
76.

16
. Quoted in
New Yorker,
May 3, 2004, 104.

17
. Townsend Hoopes, "God and John Foster Dulles,"
Foreign Policy
13 (Winter 1973), 154.

18
. Richard H. Immerman,
John Foster Dulles: Power, Piety, and Pragmatism
(Wilmington, Del., 1999), 46–51, and "Eisenhower and Dulles: Who Made the Decisions?"
Political Psychology
1 (Autumn 1979), 21–38.

19
. Immerman,
Dulles,
48–51; David J. Rothkopf,
Running the World: The Inside Story of the NSC and the Architects of American Power
(New York, 2005), 65–70.

20
. Robert David Johnson,
Congress and the Cold War
(New York, 2006), 57–87.

21
. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin's Cold War
(Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 139.

22
. Ibid., 138–57; Osgood,
Total Cold War,
56.

23
. Osgood,
Total Cold War,
62.

24
. Ibid., 57–65.

25
. Immerman,
Dulles,
60.

26
. Ibid., 81.

27
. Quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose with Richard H. Immerman,
Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment
(Garden City, N.Y., 1981), 188.

28
. Edward C. Keefer, "President Eisenhower and the End of the Korean War,"
Diplomatic History
10 (Summer 1986), 267–89; Roger Dingman, "Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War,"
International Security
13 (Winter 1988–89), 79–91.

29
. George C. Herring,
America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975
(4th ed., New York, 2002), 37–45; George C. Herring and Richard H. Immerman, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and Dienbienphu: 'The Day We Didn't Go to War' Revisited,"
Journal of American History
71 (September 1984), 343–63.

30
. Townsend Hoopes,
The Devil and John Foster Dulles
(Boston, 1973), 222.

31
. Herring,
America's Longest War,
45–51.

32
. Ibid., 51.

33
. David L. Anderson,
Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 1953–1961
(New York, 1991), 121–99.

34
. Gordon H. Chang and He Di, "The Absence of War in the U.S.-China Confrontation over Quemoy and Matsu in 1954–1955: Contingency, Luck, Deterrence?"
American Historical Review
98 (December 1993), 1500–1524.

35
. Ibid., 1514.

36
. H. W. Brands Jr., "Testing Massive Retaliation: Credibility and Crisis Management in the Taiwan Strait,"
International Security
12 (Spring 1988), 142.

37
.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1955
(Washington, 1959), 332.

38
. Chang and He Di, "Absence of War," 1522–25; Brands, "Testing Massive Retaliation," 147–51.

39
. Walter L. Hixson,
Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961
(New York, 1997), 57–68.

40
. Valur Ingimundarson, "The Eisenhower Administration, the Adenauer Government, and the Political Uses of the East German Uprising in 1953,"
Diplomatic History
20 (Summer 1996), 381–409.

41
. L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland 1956,"
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
5 (Spring 1995), 50.

42
. Ibid., 50–51; Alexander Fursenko and Timothy Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary
(New York, 2006), 118–19.

43
. Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War,
130.

44
.
New York Times,
October 8, 2006.