From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (202 page)

5
. Paterson,
On Every Front,
31.

6
. Ibid., 29.

7
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(New York, 1987), 358.

8
. Michael S. Sherry,
Preparing for the Next War: America's Plans for Postwar Defense, 1941–1945
(New Haven, Conn., 1977), 200.

9
. Ibid., 202.

10
. Quoted in Alan Brinkley, "For Americans It Was a Very Good War,"
New York Times Magazine
(May 7, 1995), 57.

11
. James T. Patterson,
Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974
(New York, 1996), 145.

12
. For sharply conflicting assessments, see Alonzo L. Hamby,
Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman
(New York, 1999), especially 640–41, and Arnold A. Offner,
Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953
(Stanford, Calif., 2000), especially 16, 18, 23, 457–58, 465, 470.

13
. Robert L. Messer,
The End of Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman and the Origins of the Cold War
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982), 4–7, 31, 77–79.

14
. Melvyn P. Leffler,
A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War
(Stanford, Calif., 1992), 116.

15
. Ibid., 49–54; Paterson,
On Every Front,
43–47; Thomas G. Paterson,
Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War
(Baltimore, Md., 1973), 99–199.

16
. Messer,
End of Alliance,
133–34.

17
. Ibid., 137–55.

18
. Ibid., 155.

19
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
121.

20
. Ibid., 124.

21
. Ibid., 121–24.

22
. Leffler,
Preponderance of Power,
102.

23
. George F. Kennan,
Memoirs,
1925–1950 (Boston, 1967), 293; Judt,
Postwar,
119–30; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev
(Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 47–53.

24
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
128–29.

25
. Kennan,
Memoirs,
293.

26
. Frank Costigliola, "Unceasing Pressure for Penetration: Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War,"
Journal of American History
83 (March 1997), 1331.

27
. Robert L. Beisner, "Patterns of Peril: Dean Acheson Joins the Cold Warriors, 1945–1946,"
Diplomatic History
20 (Summer 1996), 338.

28
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
135–38.

29
. Richard Paul Hedlund, "Congress and the British Loan, 1945–1946: A Congressional Study" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1976), 92–93, 101–3, 133, 144, 160–64, 181–84.

30
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
132.

31
. Ibid., 138–40.

32
. James A. Bill,
The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations
(New Haven, Conn., 1988), 33–34.

33
. Ibid., 37.

34
. Messer,
End of Alliance,
200.

35
. Walter LaFeber,
America, Russia, and the Cold War,
1945–1996 (8th ed., New York, 1997), 42.

36
. Messer,
End of Alliance,
201–203.

37
. Beisner, "Patterns of Peril," 46.

38
. LaFeber,
Cold War,
38.

39
. Eduard Mark, "The War Scare of 1946 and Its Consequences,"
Diplomatic History
21 (Summer 1997), 383–415.

40
. Leffler,
Preponderance of Power,
131. The entire Clifford Report may be found in Arthur Krock,
Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line
(New York, 1968), 417–82.

41
. Paterson,
On Every Front,
105–6.

42
. James Chace,
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
(New York, 1998), 167.

43
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
186.

44
. Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas,
The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made
(New York, 1986), 25–35, 738–41.

45
. Robert L. Beisner,
Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War
(New York, 2006), 88.

46
. Chace,
Acheson,
442.

47
. Michael J. Hogan,
A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State,
1945–1954 (New York, 1998), 5–21.

48
. Ibid., 24, 65.

49
. Clark Clifford with Richard Holbrooke,
Counsel to the President: A Memoir
(New York, 1991), 170; Offner,
Another Such Victory,
192; Hogan,
Cross of Iron,
65–68.

50
. Chace,
Acheson,
164–66.

51
.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman,
1947 (Washington, 1963), 176–80.

52
. Howard Jones,
"A New Kind of War": America's Global Strategy and the Civil War in Greece
(New York, 1989), 45–61.

53
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
204.

54
. Ibid., 206.

55
. Lawrence S. Wittner,
American Intervention in Greece,
1943–1949 (New York, 1982) is sharply critical of U.S. involvement; Jones,
"A New Kind of War"
is more positive in its appraisal.

56
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
207–9.

57
. Leffler,
A Preponderance of Power,
147.

58
. Ibid., 188–92; Offner,
Another Such Victory,
214–20.

59
. Michael J. Hogan,
The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952
(New York, 1987), 427, and "The Search for a 'Creative Peace': The United States, European Unity, and the Origins of the Marshall Plan,"
Diplomatic History
6 (Summer 1982), 267–85.

60
. Michael Wala, "Selling the Marshall Plan at Home: The Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery,"
Diplomatic History
10 (Summer 1986), 264.

61
. Irwin W. Wall,
The United States and the Making of Postwar France,
1945–1954 (New York, 1991), 299.

62
. Hogan,
Marshall Plan,
436.

63
. Ibid., 432. The revisionist argument may be found in Alan S. Milward,
The Reconstruction of Western Europe,
1945–1951 (Berkeley, Calif., 1984).

64
. Hogan,
Marshall Plan,
445; also Judt,
Postwar,
97, and David Reynolds, "The European Response: Primacy of Politics,"
Foreign Affairs
(May/June 1997), 180–82.

65
. Wall,
Making of Postwar France,
113, 125–26.

66
. Edmund F. Wehrle,
Between a River and a Mountain: The AFL-CIO and the Vietnam War
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 2005), 23.

67
. Wall,
Postwar France,
96–112; Carolyn Eisenberg, "Working-Class Politics and the Cold War: American Intervention in the German Labor Movement, 1945–1949,"
Diplomatic History
10 (Fall 1986), 283–306.

68
. James Edward Miller, "Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections of 1948,"
Diplomatic History
7 (Winter 1983), 35–55.

69
. Peter Grose,
Operation Rollback: America's Secret War Behind the Iron Curtain
(New York, 2000), 98–99.

70
. Judt,
Postwar,
192.

71
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
256.

72
. M. Steven Fish, "The Berlin Blockade of 1948–1948," in Alexander L. George, ed.,
Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management
(Boulder, Colo., 1991), 204.

73
. William Stivers, "The Incomplete Blockade: Soviet Zone Supply of West Berlin, 1948–1948,"
Diplomatic History
21 (Fall 1997), 596.

74
. Martin Walker,
The Cold War—A History
(New York, 1993), 57.

75
. Quoted in Lawrence S. Kaplan,
The United States and NATO: The Formative Years
(Lexington, Ky., 1984), 51.

76
. Martin H. Folly, "Breaking the Vicious Circle: Britain, the United States, and the Genesis of the North Atlantic Treaty,"
Diplomatic History
12 (Winter 1988), 75.

77
. Ibid., 76.

78
. Kaplan,
NATO,
1.

79
. Escott Reid,
Time of Fear and Hope
(Toronto, 1977), 63.

80
. Mark T. Gilderhus,
The Second Century: U.S.–Latin American Relations Since
1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 125–26.

81
. Stephen G. Rabe, "The Elusive Conference: United States' Economic Relations with Latin America, 1945–1952,"
Diplomatic History
2 (Summer 1978), 293.

82
. Gilderhus,
Second Century,
135.

83
. Ibid., 133.

84
. Thomas Borstelmann,
Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War
(New York, 1993), 197.

85
. Ibid., 193.

86
. Peter L. Hahn,
Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1945–1961
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 44–49.

87
. Douglas Little,
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since
1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 80–85.

88
. Ibid., 86–87.

89
. Marc S. Gallichio,
The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire
(New York, 1988), 73–112.

90
. Mark A. Stoler,
George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century
(Boston, 1989), 148; Steven L. Levine, "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: The Marshall Mission and Manchuria,"
Diplomatic History
3 (Fall 1979), 359.

91
. Stoler,
Marshall,
149.

92
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
323–26.

93
. Michael Schaller,
The United States and China in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1990), 117.

94
. Offner,
Another Such Victory,
326.

95
. John H. Feaver, "The Chinese Aid Bill of 1948: Limited Assistance as a Cold War Strategy,"
Diplomatic History
5 (Spring 1981), 119.

96
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat,
27, 203–4.

97
. Charles E. Neu,
Troubled Encounter: The United States and Japan
(New York, 1975), 204.

98
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat,
253–73.

99
. Ibid., 525–555.

100
. Stanley Karnow,
In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
(New York, 1989), calls it "dependent independence" (323–26).

101
. Robert J. McMahon,
The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II
(New York, 1999), 33.

102
. George C. Herring,
America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975
(4th ed., New York, 2001), 21–23.