From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (206 page)

89
. Ibid., 448.

90
. Ibid., 779. A good recent analysis is Alan McPherson, "Courts of World Opinion: Trying the Panama Flag Riots of 1964,"
Diplomatic History
28 (January 2004), 83–112.

91
. LBJ phone conversation with Russell, January 10, 1964, in Michael R. Beschloss, ed.,
Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes
(New York, 1997), 155.

92
.
FRUS, 1964–1968
31:836.

93
. Brands,
Wages of Globalism,
40–41.

94
. Walter LaFeber,
The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective
(New York, 1979), 14–48.

95
. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968,
vol. 32, (Washington, 2005), 62, 65, 89, 100.

96
. Ibid., 100.

97
. Rabe,
Most Dangerous Area,
191; Dallek,
Flawed Giant,
266–67.

98
. Mark T. Gilderhus,
The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889
(Wilmington, Del., 2000), 193–94.

99
. Quoted in Brian VanDeMark,
Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War
(New York, 1991), 178.

100
. Doris Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(New York, 1976), 251.

101
. Jack Valenti in
Vietnam: A Television History,
episode 4, "LBJ Goes to War."

102
. Kearns,
Johnson,
252. Logevall,
Choosing War,
contends that Johnson could have chosen not to go to war.

103
. VanDeMark,
Quagmire,
xv, 60.

104
. The authoritative account is Edwin E. Moise,
Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996).

105
. VanDeMark,
Into the Quagmire,
153–214; Logevall,
Choosing War,
chapters 10
and
11
.

106
. Herring,
LBJ and Vietnam,
184.

107
. Herring,
America's Longest War,
161–73.

108
. Herring,
LBJ and Vietnam,
67.

109
. George C. Herring, " 'Peoples Quite Apart': Americans, South Vietnamese, and the War in Vietnam,"
Diplomatic History
14 (Winter 1990), 5–14.

110
. Quoted in Thomas Powers,
Vietnam: The War at Home
(Boston, 1984), 118. The standard accounts of the anti-war movement are Charles DeBenedetti with Charles Chatfield,
An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era
(Syracuse, N.Y., 1990), Terry Anderson,
The Movement and the Sixties
(New York, 1995), and Melvin Small,
Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War and the Battle for America's Hearts and Minds
(Wilmington, Del., 2002).

111
. McNamara made the statement during a conference in Hanoi, June 1997.

112
. Herring,
America's Longest War,
191–99.

113
. George C. Herring, "Fighting Without Allies: The International Dimensions of America's Failure in Vietnam," in Marc Jason Gilbert, ed.,
Why the North Won the Vietnam War
(New York, 2002), 82–83.

114
. Costigliola, "Johnson," 207.

115
. Ibid., 117.

116
. Ibid., 174.

117
. Herring, "Without Allies," 79–80.

118
. Ibid., 80.

119
. Brands,
Wages of Globalism,
94; Schwartz,
Johnson,
105.

120
. Costigliola, "Johnson," 196–97,

121
. Brands,
Wages of Globalism
, 108–9.

122
. Gordon H. Chang,
Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union,
1948–1972 (Stanford, Calif., 1990), 227.

123
. Tucker, "Threats," 111–15.

124
. Ibid., 116–27.

125
. Nicholas Evan Sarantakes,
Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese Relations
(College Station, Tex., 2000), 154–65.

126
. Michael Schaller, "Altered States: The United States and Japan During the 1960s," in Kunz,
Crucial Decade,
276.

127
. Ibid., 263–79; Walter LaFeber,
The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History
(New York, 1997), 339–47.

128
. Stanley Karnow,
In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
(New York, 1989), 377. For problems with the allies, see Herring, "Fighting Without Allies," 79–81.

129
. Brands,
Wages of Globalism,
187.

130
. Little,
American Orientalism,
97–99; Zach Levey, "The United States Skyhawk Sale to Israel, 1966: Strategic Exigencies of an Arms Deal,"
Diplomatic History
28 (April 2004), 255–76.

131
. Douglas Little, "Choosing Sides: Lyndon Johnson and the Middle East," in Robert A. Divine, ed.,
The Johnson Years,
vol. 3,
LBJ at Home and Abroad
(Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 173.

132
. Ibid., 175.

133
. Little,
American Orientalism,
100–101.

134
. A good military history is Michael B. Oren,
Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East
(New York, 2002).

135
. John Omicinski, Gannett News Service, September 2, 2005.

136
. James Bamford,
Body of Secrets
(New York, 2001), 203.

137
. Little,
American Orientalism,
241–42.

138
. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States,
1964–1968, vol. 19 (Washington, 2004), 398–402.

139
. Ibid., 409.

140
. Oren,
Six Days,
305–27.

141
. Little, "Choosing Sides," 179–84.

142
. Ibid., 181–83.

143
. James A. Bill,
The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations
(New Haven, Conn., 1988), 172.

144
. Herring,
LBJ and Vietnam,
165.

145
. Carole Fink, Phillip Gassert, and Detlef Junker, eds.,
1968: The World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 1–27.

146
. Mitchell Lerner,
The
Pueblo
Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy
(Lawrence, Kans., 2002), especially 5–23 and 231–37.

147
. Herring,
America's Longest War,
210.

148
. George C. Herring, "Tet and the Crisis of Hegemony," in Fink et al.,
1968,
39–41.

149
. Acheson to John Cowles, March 14, 1968, Dean G. Acheson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn., box 7.

150
. Isaacson and Thomas,
Wise Men,
684.

151
. Herring,
America's Longest War,
225–26.

152
. Herring, "Crisis of Hegemony," 44–48.

153
. Jeffrey Kimball,
Nixon's Vietnam War
(Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 56–62.

154
. Hal Brands, "Progress Unseen: U.S. Arms Control Policy and the Origins of Détente, 1963–1968,"
Diplomatic History
30 (April 2006), 253–85.

155
. Mark Kramer, "The Czechoslovak Crisis and the Brezhnev Doctrine," in Fink et al.,
1968,
121–51.

156
. Schwartz,
Johnson,
214–17.

157
. Ibid., 217.

158
. Ibid., 220.

159
. Vojtech Mastny, "Was 1968 a Strategic Watershed in the Cold War?"
Diplomatic History
29 (January 2005), 176.

160
. Gottfried Niedhart, "Ostpolitik: The Role of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Process of Détente," in Fink et al.,
1968,
173–92; Qiang Zhai,
China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), 178–80.

161
. Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, "Introduction," in Fink et al., eds.
1968,
9.

162
. Dallek,
Flawed Giant,
226–27; Borstelmann,
Cold War,
194–95.

163
. Nancy Tucker, "Lyndon Johnson: A Final Reckoning," in Cohen and Tucker,
Johnson
, 312–18.

164
. Herring,
America's Longest War,
265.

165
. Brands,
Wages of Globalism,
256–57.

1
. "U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970s," February 18, 1970, Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976,
vol. 1 (Washington, 2003), 196.

2
. The metaphor is from William P. Bundy,
A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency
(New York, 1998).

3
. Gordon H. Chang,
Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948–1972
(Stanford, Calif., 1990), 285–86; Michael Schaller,
The United States and China in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1990), 176.

4
. Terry Anderson,
The Sixties
(New York, 1999), 94.

5
. Kissinger's role in U.S. foreign policy is analyzed in Walter Isaacson,
Kissinger: A Biography
(New York, 1992), Jussi Hanhimäki,
The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy
(New York, 2004), Robert Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power
(New York, 2007), and Jeremi Suri,
Henry Kissinger and the American Century
(2007).

6
. There is no up-to-date biography of Nixon. Stephen E. Ambrose's
Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972
(New York, 1989) and
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery, 1973–1990
(New York, 1991) cover the presidency in some detail. In addition to Dallek and Bundy, the most valuable analysis of Nixon's presidency is Melvin Small,
The Presidency of Richard Nixon
(Lawrence, Kans., 1999).

7
. Dallek,
Partners in Power,
615–18.

8
. Bundy,
Tangled Web,
54–55.

9
. Henry Kissinger,
White House Years
(Boston, 1979), 482.

10
.
FRUS, 1969–1976
1:191.

11
. Ibid., 53–55.

12
. Richard M. Nixon, "Asia After Vietnam,"
Foreign Affairs
46 (October 1967), 111.

13
. William Safire,
Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House
(New York, 1975), 121.

14
.
FRUS, 1969–1976
1:81,109.

15
. Henry A. Kissinger, "The Vietnam Negotiations,"
Foreign Affairs
47 (January 1969), 234.

16
. H. R. Haldeman,
The Ends of Power
(New York, 1978), 83. The "madman theory" is analyzed in Jeffrey Kimball,
The Vietnam War Files: Uncovering the Secret History of Nixon-Era Strategy
(Lawrence, Kans., 2004), 15–20, 54–59.

17
. William Burr and Jeffrey Kimball, "Nixon's Secret Nuclear Alert: Vietnam War Diplomacy and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Readiness Test, October 1969,"
Cold War History
3 (January 2003), 113–56.

18
. Tad Szulc,
The Illusion of Peace
(New York, 1973), 158.

19
. George C. Herring, " 'Peoples Quite Apart': Americans, South Vietnamese, and the War in Vietnam,"
Diplomatic History
14 (Winter 1990), 17–18.