From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (211 page)

54
. Ibid., 457–60.

55
. George C. Herring, "Analogies at War: The United States, the Conflict in Kosovo, and the Uses of History," in Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, eds.,
Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention
(Tokyo, 2000), 355.

56
. G. John Ikenberry, "The Costs of Victory: American Power and the Use of Force in the Contemporary Order," in Schnabel and Thakur,
Kosovo,
87–88.

57
. Halberstam,
War,
482–83.

58
. George C. Herring,
America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975
(4th ed., New York, 2002), 365, 367–68.

59
. Little,
American Orientalism,
301–4.

60
.
Newsweek,
April 7, 1997.

61
. Garry Wills, "The Clinton Principle,"
New York Times Magazine,
January 19, 1997, 44.

62
. Rothkopf,
Running the World,
385;
Washington Post Weekly,
January 7–13, 2002.

63
.
Newsweek,
March 6, 1996.

64
.
New York Times,
October 17, 1996.

65
. Ikenberry, "Costs of Victory," 97.

66
. Michael C. Desch, "Liberals, Neocons, and Realcons: The Politics of Humanitarian Interentions,"
Orbis
46 (Fall 2001), 528.

67
. Mann,
Vulcans,
163.

68
.
New York Times,
July 31, 2001.

69
. Mark Danner, "Taking Stock of the Forever War,"
New York Times Magazine
, September 11, 2005, 50–51.

70
.
New York Times,
July 25, 2004;
The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States
(New York, 2004), 254–77; Richard A. Clarke,
Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror
(New York, 2004), 227–46.

71
.
9/11 Commission Report,
339–60.

72
. September 20, 2001,
www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html
.

73
. Ibid.

74
. Michael Kelly, "Myths of the Month,"
Washington Post,
October 31, 2001; John Leo, "Quagmire, Schagmire,"
U.S. News and World Report,
November 26, 2001, 52.

75
. Seymour Hersh, "The Other War,"
New Yorker,
April 12, 2004, 40–47; Michael Ignatieff, "Nation-Building Lite,"
New York Times Magazine,
July 28, 2002, 26–31, 54, 57, 59.

76
. The origins of the "axis of evil" phrase are discussed in David Frum,
The Right Man: The Surprise Presidency of George Bush
(New York, 2003), 238–45, 268–71.

77
. Nicholas Lemann, "The War on What?"
New Yorker,
September 16, 2002, 44.

78
. The text is in
New York Times,
September 20, 2002.

79
. John Lewis Gaddis, "A Grand Strategy for Transformation,"
Foreign Policy
133 (November/December 2002), 22.

80
.
New York Times,
September 20, 2002.

81
. Stanley Hoffmann, "The High and the Mighty,"
American Prospect,
January 13, 2003, 28–29.

82
. Clarke,
Against All Enemies,
32.

83
. George Packer,
The Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq
(New York, 2005), 45; Mann,
Vulcans
, 332–34; Bryan Burrough et al., "The Path to War,"
Vanity Fair,
May 2004, 240.

84
. Elizabeth Drew, "The Neocons in Power,"
New York Review of Books,
June 12, 2003, 20–22. For Wolfowitz, see Bill Keller, "The Sunshine Warrior,"
New York Times Magazine,
September 22, 2002, 48–54, 84, 86, 96. Also Jacob Heilbrun,
They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons
(New York, 2007).

85
.
Washington Post,
March 30, 2003. The importance of anthrax is noted in Jacob Weisberg, "Fishing for a way to Change the World,"
Newsweek,
January 28, 2008, 31–32.

86
. Elizabeth Drew, "The Enforcer,"
New York Review of Books,
May 1, 2003, Internet version.

87
. Bill Keller, "Reagan's Son,"
New York Times Magazine,
January 26, 2003, 26–31, 43, 49; Frum,
Right Man,
24–25; Ron Suskind, "Without a Doubt,"
New York Times Magazine,
October 17, 2004, Internet version.

88
. The so-called Downing Street memo of July 21, 2002, was first published in the (London)
Sunday Times,
May 1, 2005.

89
. Suskind, "Without a Doubt."

90
. Burrough, "Path," 282; Michael Isikoff and David Corn,
Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War
(New York, 2006),
chapters 2
–
11
.

91
. Isikoff and Corn,
Hubris,
33.

92
. Burroughs, "Path," 282.

93
.
New York Times,
August 25, 2002.

94
.
Wall Street Journal,
August 16, 2002; Jeffrey Goldberg, "Breaking Ranks,"
New Yorker,
October 31, 2005, 58–60.

95
.
New York Times
ad; Christopher Lehmann, "The War on What?"
New Yorker,
September 16, 2002, 36–44.

96
. George Packer, "Smart-Mobbing the War,"
New York Times Magazine,
March 9, 2003, 46–49.

97
.
New York Times,
October 6, 2002.

98
. Ibid., June 10, 2002, August 27, 2002, September 8, 2002, October 7, 2002;
USA Today
, September 18, 2002.

99
.
New York Times,
August 26, 2002.

100
. Thomas Ricks,
Fiasco: America's Military Adventure in Iraq
(New York, 2006), 88; Thomas Powers, "The Vanishing Case for War,"
New York Review of Books,
December 9, 2003, 1–8.

101
. Karen DeYoung,
Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell
(New York, 2006), 411.

102
. Burrough, "Path," 289.

103
.
New York Times,
September 28, 2003.

104
. Burrough, "Path," 289.

105
. DeYoung,
Soldier,
439.

106
. Ibid., 440–51; Ricks,
Fiasco,
93–94.

107
. Paul Krugman in
New York Times,
March 19, 2003.

108
. Rick Atkinson,
In the Company of Soldiers
(New York, 2004) is a lively account by an "embedded" journalist. Bernard E. Trainor and Michael R. Gordon,
Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq
(New York, 2006) is more thorough and critical.

109
. Packer,
Assassins' Gate,
137–142; Ricks,
Fiasco,
135–38.

110
.
New York Times,
August 13, 2003.

111
. James Fallows, "Blind into Baghdad,"
Atlantic Monthly,
January/February 2004, 53–74; David Rieff, "Blueprint for a Mess,"
New York Times Magazine,
November 2, 2003, 28–33, 44, 58, 76–78; Ricks,
Fiasco,
85–111; Packer,
Assassins' Gate,
100–148.

112
. Fallows, "Blind into Baghdad," 66; Seymour Hersh, "Offense and Defense,"
New Yorker,
April 7, 2003, 43–45.

113
. Packer,
Assassins' Gate,
111.

114
. Fallows, "Blind into Baghdad," 73;
Newsweek,
August 6, 2003, 35.

115
. Ricks,
Fiasco,
158–65. See also Roger Cohen in
New York Times,
August 17, 2007.

116
. Mark Danner, "Delusions in Baghdad,"
New York Review of Books,
December 18, 2003, 1–9.

117
. Powers, "Vanishing Case for War," 1–8; Isikoff and Corn,
Hubris,
211–30. The story of Curveball is told in Bob Drogin,
Curveball: Spies, Lies, and the Con Man
(New York, 2007).

118
. Ricks,
Fiasco,
291.

119
. National Intelligence Estimate;
New York Times,
August 19, 2007.

120
. John Mueller, "The Iraq Syndrome,"
Foreign Affairs
84 (November/December 2005), 44–46.

121
.
New York Times,
December 2, 30, 2007.

122
. Michael Gordon in
New York Times,
January 20, 2008.

123
.
Newsweek,
October 2, 2006;
New York Times,
August 12, 20, 2002, December 16, 2007.

124
. Mueller, "Iraq Syndrome," 53–54.

125
.
Boston Globe,
August 1, 2007;
New York Times,
December 9, 2007, January 20, 2008.

126
.
New York Times,
July 30, 2006.

127
. Bruce Hoffman in
Washington Post,
September 9, 2007.

128
. Mark Danner, "Taking Stock of the Forever War,"
New York Times Magazine,
September 11, 2005, 47; Samantha Power, "Our War on Terror,"
New York Times Book Review,
July 29, 2007, 8.

129
. Rice's role is analyzed in Glenn Kessler, The
Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy
(New York, 2007) and Elisabeth Bumiller,
Condoleezza Rice: A Biography
(New York, 2008).

130
.
New York Times,
September 17, 2007.

131
. Michael Oren in
New York Times,
December 2, 2007.

132
. Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of the Rest,"
Newsweek,
May 12, 2008, 27.

133
. Ibid.; Roger Cohen in
New York Times,
March 17, 2008. The importance of the Second World is discussed in Parag Khanna, "Waving Goodbye to Hegemony,"
New York Times Magazine,
January 27, 2008, 37, 39, 40–41, 62.

134
. Quoted in Cohen,
New York Times,
November 12, 2007.

135
. James Traub, "Persuading Them,"
New York Times Magazine,
November 25, 2007, 19–20.

136
. This view is set forth in Philip Bobbitt,
Terror and Consent: The Wars for the Twentieth Century
(New York, 2008).

137
. See, for example, Robert Kagan,
The Return of History and the End of Dreams
(New York, 2008).

138
. Fareed Zakaria,
The Post-American World
(New York, 2008).

139
. Lincoln's Second Annual Message, December 1, 1862, in James C. Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents
(20 vols., Washington, 1897–1925), 7:3343.

140
. Cohen in
New York Times,
October 1, 2007.