From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (199 page)

21
. David E. Lilienthal,
The Journals of David E. Lilienthal
(7 vols., New York, 1964–73), 2:564. Irwin F. Gellman,
Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles
(New York, 2002) gives full coverage to the Hull-Welles feud.

22
. William E. Leuchtenburg,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
(New York, 1963), 26.

23
. Kennedy,
Great Powers,
283.

24
. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
155–57; Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
200–201.

25
. Kindelberger,
Depression,
231.

26
. Ibid., 230–31; Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
202–3.

27
. Edward M. Bennett,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Security: American-Soviet Relations, 1933–1939
(Wilmington, Del., 1985), 1–16.

28
. John Lewis Gaddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History
(2nd ed., New York, 1990), 120–21.

29
. David Mayers,
The Ambassadors and American Soviet Policy
(New York, 1995), 111–12.

30
. Gaddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States,
124.

31
. Mayers,
Ambassadors,
108–17.

32
. Frederick B. Pike,
FDR's Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos
(Austin, Tex., 1995), 15.

33
. Ferrell,
Great Depression,
215–30; William O. Walker, "Crucible for Peace: Herbert Hoover, Modernization and Economic Growth in Latin America,"
Diplomatic History
30 (January 2006), 83–117.

34
. Lloyd C. Gardner,
Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy
(Madison, Wisc., 1964), 51.

35
. Pike,
Good Neighbor Policy,
15–110.

36
. Lars Schoultz,
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 300.

37
. Ibid., 301–3.

38
. Irwin F. Gellman,
Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policy in Latin America, 1933–1945
(Baltimore, 1979), 51.

39
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
304–5.

40
. William Kamman, "U.S. Recognition of Anastasio Somoza, 1936,"
Historian
54 (Winter 1992), 273; Schoulz,
Beneath the United States,
273.

41
. Gellman,
Good Neighbor Diplomacy,
96.

42
. Pike,
Good Neighbor Policy,
134–37.

43
. Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
209.

44
. Gellman,
Good Neighbor Diplomacy,
108.

45
. Walter A. McDougall,
Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776
(Boston, 1997), 39–40.

46
. Manfred Jonas,
Isolationism in America, 1935–1941
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1966), 32–33.

47
. Doenecke,
Isolation to War,
6.

48
. Warren I. Cohen,
The American Revisionists: The Lessons of Intervention in World War I
(Chicago, 1967) is the standard account.

49
. Jonas,
Isolationism,
1.

50
. Charles DeBenedetti,
The Peace Reform in American History
(Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 122–33.

51
. B.J.C. McKercher,
Transition of Power: Britain's Loss of Global Preeminence to the United States
(Cambridge, Eng., 1999), 175–76.

52
. Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
216; Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
232–34.

53
. Robert A. Divine,
The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II
(2nd ed., New York, 1979), 19.

54
. Ibid, 20.

55
. Doenecke,
Isolation to War,
57.

56
. Divine,
Reluctant Belligerent,
29.

57
. Anne Marie Pois, "The U.S. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and American Neutrality, 1935–1939,"
Peace and Change
14 (July 1989), 263–84.

58
. Brenda Gayle Plummer,
Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 37.

59
. Ibid., 37–51.

60
. Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
220.

61
. Divine,
Reluctant Belligerent,
27–28.

62
. Ibid., 34.

63
. Douglas Little,
Malevolent Neutrality: The United States, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Spanish Civil War
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1985), 241–42.

64
. Quoted in Allen Guttmann,
The Wound in the Heart: America and the Spanish Civil War
(New York, 1962), 107.

65
. Robert A. Divine,
The Illusion of Neutrality
(Chicago, 1962), 172, 228.

66
. Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
225.

67
. Richard A. Harrison, "A Presidential Demarche: Franklin D. Roosevelt's Personal Diplomacy and Great Britain,"
Diplomatic History
5 (Summer 1981), 245–72, and "A Neutralization Plan for the Pacific: Roosevelt and Anglo-American Cooperation, 1934–1937,"
Pacific Historical Review
57 (February 1988), 47–72.

68
. Ibid; McKercher,
Transition of Power
, 252.

69
. Iris Chang,
The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
(New York, 1997).

70
. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
401–2.

71
. Doenecke,
Isolation to War,
71.

72
. Trevor K. Plante, " 'Two Japans': Japanese Expressions of Sympathy and Regret in the Wake of the
Panay
Incident,"
Prologue
33 (Summer 2001), 109–20.

73
. Sally Marks, "Munich: Hitler's Failure," in F. Kevin Simon, ed.,
The David A. Sayre History Symposium Collected Lectures, 1985–1989
(Lexington, Ky., 1991), 150–57.

74
. Barbara Farnham, "Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis—Insights from Prospect Theory,"
Political Psychology
13 (June 1992), 228n.

75
. David Reynolds,
From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt's America and the Origins of the Second World War
(Chicago, 2001), 42–48.

76
. Farnham, "Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis," 208–20.

77
. Gerhard Weinberg,
A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
(New York, 1994), 27–28.

78
. Donald Lammers, "Munich, 1938: A Crisis Nonpareil in British Foreign Policy," in Simon,
Sayre Lectures,
167; McKercher,
Transition,
252–57.

79
. Gerhard Weinberg, "Munich After 50 Years,"
Foreign Affairs
(Fall 1988), 167–73.

80
. Farnham, "Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis," 216.

81
. Reynolds,
Munich to Pearl Harbor,
42–48.

82
. Doenecke,
Isolation to War,
81; Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
292.

83
. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
415–16.

84
. A more critical analysis is David S. Wyman,
Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941
(Amherst, Mass., 1968).

85
. Reynolds,
Munich to Pearl Harbor,
63–64.

86
. Ibid., 65–68.

87
. Ibid., 73.

88
. Marvin R. Zahniser, "Rethinking the Significance of Disaster: The United States and the Fall of France,"
International History Review
14 (May 1992), 252–76.

89
. Weinberg,
World at Arms,
153.

90
. Leuchtenburg,
New Deal,
302; Divine,
Reluctant Belligerent,
90.

91
. Charles R. Gallagher, "Fighting Fascists in the Sunshine State: Bishop Joseph P. Hurley and American Interventionism in Florida, 1940–1941," paper presented at the Florida Historians' Conference, March 13, 1998. Steven Casey,
Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War Against Nazi Germany
(New York, 2001) is the fullest, most up-to-date analysis.

92
. Melvin Small,
Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1794
(Baltimore, Md., 1996), 70–71; Lise Namikas, "The Committee to Defend America and the Debate Between Internationalists and Interventionists, 1939–1941,"
Historian
61 (Summer 1999), 843–63.

93
. Mark Chadwin,
The Hawks of World War II
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968).

94
. Wayne Cole,
America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–1941
(Madison, Wisc., 1953). For its failure in the South, see Joseph A. Fry,
Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973
(Baton Rouge, La., 2002), 204–5. The best study of the anti-interventionists is Justus D. Doenecke,
Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939–1941
(Lanham, Md., 2000.)

95
. Reynolds,
Munich to Pearl Harbor,
84.

96
. Ibid., 85–87.

97
. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
463.

98
. Pike,
Good Neighbor Policy,
235.

99
. Churchill to FDR, December 7, 1940, in Warren F. Kimball, ed.,
Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence
(3 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1984), 1:102–9.

100
. Warren F. Kimball,
The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1941
(Baltimore, Md., 1969), 120–21.

101
. Reynolds,
Munich to Pearl Harbor,
106–7.

102
. Kimball,
Most Unsordid Act,
151–52.

103
. George C. Herring Jr., "Experiment in Foreign Aid: Lend-Lease, 1941–1945," (doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, 1965), 19.

104
. Kimball,
Most Unsordid Act
, 195–229.

105
. Warren F. Kimball,
The Juggler: Franklin D. Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman
(Princeton, 1991), 49–57, for State Department efforts to pry open British imperial trade in return for lend-lease.

106
. Reynolds,
Munich to Pearl Harbor,
127–29.

107
. Waldo Heinrichs,
Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II
(New York, 1988), 46.

108
. Ibid., 90; Reynolds,
Munich to Pearl Harbor,
126–30.

109
. Max Paul Friedman, "Specter of a Nazi Threat: United States–Colombian Relations, 1939–1945,"
Americas
56 (April 2000), 577.

110
. Kyle Longley,
In the Eagle's Shadow: The United States and Latin America
(Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 173.

111
. Howard F. Cline,
The United States and Mexico
(New York, 1963), 229–48.

112
. Erik Benson, "Flying Down to Rio: American Commercial Aviation, the Good Neighbor Policy, and World War II, 1939–1945,"
Essays in Economic and Business History
19 (2001), 61–73; Friedman, "Specter," 565.

113
. Donald C. Meyer, "Toscanini and the Good Neighbor Policy: The NBC Orchestra's 1940 South American Tour,"
American Music
18 (Fall 2000), 238; Emily Rosenberg,
Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansionism, 1890–1945
(New York, 1982), 207–9.