From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (189 page)

43
. Peterson,
Jefferson,
916.

44
. These issues are discussed in depth in Bradford Perkins,
Prologue to War: England and the United States
(Berkeley, Calif., 1961), 75–95, and Paul A. Varg,
Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers
(Baltimore, Md., 1970), 172–79.

45
. Perkins,
Prologue,
7; Onuf and Onuf,
Federal Union,
213–15.

46
. Spencer C. Tucker and Frank T. Reuter, "The
Chesapeake-Leopard
Affair,"
Naval History
(March/April 1996), 40–44.

47
. Peterson,
Jefferson,
876.

48
. Burton I. Spivak,
Jefferson's English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution
(Charlottesville, Va., 1979), 99–102.

49
. Ibid., 103.

50
. McCoy,
Elusive Republic,
218–19.

51
. Reginald C. Stuart,
United States Expansion and British North America,
1775–1871 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 42–52.

52
. Tucker and Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty,
224.

53
. Peterson,
Jefferson,
913–14.

54
. McDonald,
Jefferson,
139.

55
. Rutland,
Madison,
16–17.

56
. Ibid., 64; J.C.A. Stagg,
Mr. Madison's War
(Princeton, N.J., 1983), 116.

57
. George F. G. Stanley,
The War of 1812: Land Operations
(Ottawa, 1983), 21.

58
. Rutland,
Madison,
96.

59
. Ibid., 44–45.

60
. For sample attacks on Jackson, see J.C.A. Stagg, ed.,
The Papers of James Madison,
Presidential Series, vol. 2 (Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 27, 123, 263.

61
. Pinkney to Madison, August 13, 1810, in Stagg,
Madison Papers
2:478–82.

62
. R. David Edmunds,
The Shawnee Prophet
(Lincoln, Neb., 1983), 34–79; the Tecumseh quote is from R. David Edmunds,
Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership
(New York, 1984), 131. See also John Sugden,
Tecumseh: A Life
(New York, 1998).

63
. Edmunds,
Prophet,
187–92.

64
. Edmunds,
Tecumseh,
159–60; Stagg,
Madison's War,
189–92.

65
. Rutland,
Madison,
86; Stagg,
Madison's War,
189–90.

66
. Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana, Ill., 1989), 42.

67
. Stagg,
Madison's War,
118–19.

68
. Quoted in Rutland,
Madison,
95.

69
. Reginald Horsman, "On to Canada: Manifest Destiny and United States Strategy in the War of 1812,"
Michigan Historical Review
13 (Fall 1987), 1–24, and "The War of 1812 Revisited,"
Diplomatic History
15 (Winter 1991), 122–23.

70
. Rutland,
Madison,
96.

71
. Quoted in Hickey,
War of 1812,
28; Roger Brown,
The Republic in Peril: 1812
(New York, 1971) develops the theme of embattled Republicanism.

72
. McCoy,
Elusive Republic,
235; Brown,
Republic in Peril,
182–86.

73
. Quoted in Merrill D. Peterson,
The Great Triumvirate
(New York, 1987), 4. The generational concept is developed in Steven Watts,
The Republic Reborn: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early Republic, 1783–1830
(Baltimore, Md., 1987).

74
. Rutland,
Madison,
105. American battle deaths are numbered at 2,260. British and Canadian casualties have been estimated at 8,744, American at 7,738. Hickey,
War of 1812,
302–3; Stanley,
War of 1812,
433–34.

75
. Dumas Malone,
The Sage of Monticello
(Boston, 1981), 105.

76
. Stagg,
Madison's War,
160–76.

77
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
135.

78
. Quoted in ibid., 216.

79
. Stanley,
War of 1812,
208.

80
. Quoted in Hickey,
War of 1812,
216.

81
. Ibid., 182.

82
. Rutland,
Madison,
170.

83
. Ibid., 159–65.

84
. Ibid., 177.

85
. Stanley,
War of 1812,
411–12.

86
. Quoted in Hickey,
War of 1812,
151.

87
. Michael D. Green,
The Creeks
(New York, 1990), 50–53; Francis Paul Prucha,
American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly
(Berkeley, 1994), 129–32.

88
. Quoted in Rutland,
Madison,
188.

89
. Quoted in ibid., 189.

90
. Perkins,
Prologue to War,
435.

91
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
299–309.

1
. Quoted in Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(New York, 1973), 491–92.

2
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(New York, 1987), 150, 160; Stephen Pelz, "Changing International Systems, the World Balance of Power, and the United States, 1776–1976,"
Diplomatic History
15 (Winter 1991), 51–63.

3
. Charles Sellers,
The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America
(New York, 1991), 93; for U.S. nervousness about British territorial and commercial expansion, see Kinley J. Brauer, "The United States and British Imperial Expansion, 1815–1860,"
Diplomatic History
12 (Winter 1988), 19–37.

4
. Quoted in Kyle Longley,
In the Eagle's Shadow: The United States and Latin America
(Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 38.

5
. See especially Daniel Walker Howe,
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
(New York, 2007), 46–48.

6
. Ibid., 270–76, 283.

7
. Sellers,
Market Revolution,
76.

8
. Noble E. Cunningham Jr.,
The Presidency of James Monroe
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 187.

9
. Bemis,
Adams,
255–57, 262–77; William Earl Weeks,
John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire
(Lexington, Ky., 1992), 9–17, 52–61.

10
. Cunningham,
Monroe,
119.

11
. Walter LaFeber, ed.,
John Quincy Adams and American Continental Empire
(Chicago, 1965), 36; Dexter Perkins,
A History of the Monroe Doctrine
(rev. ed., Boston, 1963), 28.

12
. Bemis,
Adams,
264.

13
. Cunningham,
Monroe,
133–37; Robert Ralph Davis Jr., "Diplomatic Plumage: American Court Dress in the Early National Period,"
American Quarterly
20, no. 1 (1968), 170–71.

14
. Peter T. Dalleo, "Thomas Kean Rodney: U.S. Consul in Cuba: The Havana Years, 1825–1829,"
Delaware History
22 (Spring/Summer 1987): 204–18; David W. McFadden, "John Quincy Adams, American Commercial Diplomacy, and Russia, 1809–1825,"
New England Quarterly
66 (December 1993), 620–22.

15
. John H. Schroeder,
Shaping a Maritime Empire: The Commercial and Diplomatic Role of the American Navy, 1829–1861
(Westport, Conn., 1985), 15–18.

16
. Mary W. M. Hargreaves,
The Presidency of John Quincy Adams
(Lawrence, Kans., 1985), 73.

17
. Quoted in ibid., 76.

18
. Quoted in Paul A. Varg,
United States Foreign Relations, 1820–1860
(East Lansing, Mich., 1979), 75.

19
. Hargreaves,
Adams,
70–72.

20
. Ibid., 68, 72, 85–86.

21
. Ibid., 77–84.

22
. Quoted in Varg,
United States Foreign Relations,
63.

23
. Quoted in Hargreaves,
Adams,
97.

24
. Quoted in George Dangerfield,
The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815–1828
(New York, 1965), 157.

25
. Robert Remini,
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(New York, 1991), 309.

26
. William Earl Weeks,
Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War
(Chicago, 1996), 32–34.

27
. Weeks,
Adams,
71–80.

28
. Ibid., 142.

29
. Ibid., 109; Sellers,
Market Revolution,
98.

30
. Jackson to George Graham, December 17, 1817, in Harold D. Moser, ed.,
The Papers of Andrew Jackson,
vol. 2 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1994), 161.

31
. Jackson to Graham, April 22, 1817, ibid., 111–12. See also David Heidler and Jeanne Heidler,
Old Hickory's War: Andrew Jackson's Quest for Empire
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1996).

32
. Jackson to Rachel Jackson, June 2, 1818, ibid., 212–13; to James Monroe, June 2, 1818, ibid., 215.

33
. Weeks,
Adams,
139.

34
. Ibid., 178.

35
. Quoted in Bemis,
Adams,
338–39.

36
. The standard account of the postwar Anglo-American rapprochement is Bradford Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823
(Berkeley, Calif., 1964). For the importance of the
alternat,
see Bemis,
Adams,
225–27.

37
. Weeks,
Adams,
122–23; Sellers,
Market Revolution,
92; Cunningham,
Monroe,
86–88.

38
. Norman A. Graebner,
Empire on the Pacific: A Study in Continental Expansion
(rev. ed., Claremont, Calif., 1983), 37; Howard Jones and Donald Rakestraw,
Prologue to Manifest Destiny: Anglo-American Relations in the 1840s
(Wilmington, Del., 1997), 159.

39
. The classic study is Dexter Perkins,
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1826
(Cambridge, Mass., 1927).

40
. Normal E. Saul,
Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763–1867
(Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 96–98.

41
. Bemis,
Adams,
368.

42
. James A. Field Jr.,
America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882
(Princeton, N.J., 1969), 122.

43
. Remini,
Clay,
222–25; Hargreaves,
Adams,
118.

44
. Perkins,
Monroe Doctrine,
22–24, 34.

45
. Arthur P. Whitaker,
The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800–1830
(New York, 1964), 217.

46
. See, for example, William W. Kaufmann,
British Policy and Latin America
(New Haven, Conn., 1951), 142–53.

47
. Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Works of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1904), 12:318–21; Madison to Monroe, October 30, November 1, 1823, in Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed.,
The Writings of James Monroe
(7 vols., New York, 1898–1903), 6:394–95.

48
. Ernest R. May advances this argument in
The Making of the Monroe Doctrine
(Cambridge, Mass., 1976). For a persuasive rebuttal, see Harry Ammon, "Monroe Doctrine: Domestic Politics or National Decision,"
Diplomatic History
5 (Winter 1981), 53–70.