From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (187 page)

43
. Bradford Perkins, "The Peace of Paris: Patterns and Legacies," in Hoffman and Albert,
Peacemakers,
196.

44
. Lint, "Preparing for Peace," 49–50.

45
. Esmond Wright, "The British Objectives, 1780–1783: 'If Not Dominion Then Trade,' " in Hoffman and Albert,
Peacemakers,
8–10.

46
. Shelburne to Oswald, July 27, 1782, in Mary A. Giunta, ed.,
Documents of the Emerging Nation: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1775–1782
(Wilmington, Del., 1998), 91.

47
. Perkins, "Peace of Paris," 198; Wright, "British Objectives," 10–15; Charles R. Ritcheson,
Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy Toward the United States
(New York, 1969), 74, 79, 82.

48
. Van Alstyne,
Empire and Independence,
215; Jonathan R. Dull, "Vergennes, Rayneval, and the Diplomacy of Trust," in Hoffman and Albert,
Peacemakers,
105.

49
. Dull,
Diplomatic History,
146.

50
. Morgan,
Franklin,
287–88.

51
. Wood,
Franklin,
195.

52
. James H. Hutson, "The American Negotiators: The Diplomacy of Jealousy," in Hoffman and Albert,
Peacemakers,
54.

53
. Ibid., 61–62.

54
. Dull,
Diplomatic History,
149.

55
. Hutson, "American Negotiators," 53.

56
. Samuel Flagg Bemis,
The Diplomacy of the American Revolution
(Bloomington, Ind., 1957), 255–56, and Richard B. Morris,
The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence
(New York, 1965), 459, praise Adams and Jay. Perkins, "Peace of Paris," 201, and Dull,
Diplomatic History,
146–51, are more critical.

57
. Perkins, "Peace of Paris," 220–21; Dull,
Diplomatic History,
149–51.

58
. Perkins, "Peace of Paris," 215.

59
. Morgan,
Franklin,
289.

60
. Franklin to Vergennes, December 17, 1782, in Giunta,
Documents,
124–25.

61
. Merrell, "Declarations," 197.

62
. Dull,
Diplomatic History,
161.

63
. Rakove,
Beginnings,
342.

64
. Peter S. Onuf, "Anarchy and the Crisis of the Union," in Herman Belz, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
To Form a More Perfect Union
(Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 280.

65
. Luis Guillaume Otto to Vergennes, October 1, 1785, in Giunta,
Documents,
178.

66
. Walter Stahr,
John Jay, Founding Father
(New York and London, 2005), 197.

67
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
194–95; David Patterson, "The Department of State: The Formative Years, 1775–1800,"
Prologue
21 (Winter 1989), 317.

68
. Adams to Jay, June 2, 1785, in Giunta,
Documents,
151.

69
. Rakove,
Beginnings,
347.

70
. Otto to Vergennes, October 1, 1785, in Giunta,
Documents,
178–79.

71
. Adams,
Jefferson,
160.

72
. Merrill Jensen,
The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789
(New York, 1950), 156.

73
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
130–32.

74
. Giunta,
Documents,
161.

75
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
205.

76
. Adams,
Jefferson,
200.

77
. Gaye Wilson, "Doctor Franklin,"
Monticello
16 (Winter 2005), 1.

78
. Adams,
Jefferson,
166.

79
. Stahr,
Jay,
218.

80
. Richard O'Bryen to Jefferson, August 24, 1785, in Giunta,
Documents,
229.

81
. Adams,
Jefferson,
202–3.

82
. Jensen,
New Nation,
169.

83
. Samuel Shaw to Jay, May 19, 1785, in Giunta,
Documents,
242.

84
. Jensen,
New Nation,
114.

85
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
227.

86
. Peter S. Onuf,
Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance
(Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 44–66. The Monroe quote is from p. 49. Also Morris,
Forging of the Union,
229.

87
. Merrell, "Declarations," 201; Graymont,
Iroquois,
278–79.

88
. Merrell, "Declarations," 202.

89
. Michael D. Green,
The Creeks
(New York, 1990), 41–44.

90
. Merrell, "Declarations," 205.

91
. Ibid., 204.

92
. DeConde, "French Alliance," 28.

93
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
209.

94
. Jensen,
New Nation,
171.

95
. Francisco Rendon to Don Jose de Galvez, February 12, 1785, in Giunta,
Documents
, 197.

96
. Conde de Floridablanca to Don Diego Gardoqui, October 2, 1784, ibid., 190.

97
. Jensen,
New Nation,
172.

98
. Stahr,
Jay
, 215.

99
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
241.

100
. Jensen,
New Nation,
173.

101
. Stahr,
Jay,
216.

102
. Otto to comte de Montmorin, March 5, 1787, in Giunta,
Documents,
210–11.

103
. Jensen,
New Nation,
173.

104
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
243.

105
. Rakove,
Beginnings,
350.

106
. Ibid., 346–47.

107
. Frederick W. Marks III, "Power, Pride, and the Purse: Diplomatic Origins of the Constitution,"
Diplomatic History
11 (Fall 1987), 311–12.

108
. Ibid., 310.

109
. Rakove,
Beginnings,
350.

110
. Jonathan R. Dull, "Two Republics in a Hostile World: The United States and the Netherlands in the 1780s," in Greene,
Revolution,
158.

111
. Daniel G. Lang,
Foreign Policy in the Early Republic: The Law of Nations and the Balance of Power
(Baton Rouge, La., 1985), 81.

112
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
257.

113
. Marks, "Diplomatic Origins," 312–13.

114
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
266.

115
. Lawrence S. Kaplan, "Jefferson and the Constitution: The View from Paris, 1786–89,"
Diplomatic History
11 (Fall 1987), 323.

116
. Onuf, "Anarchy," 272–74, 281–82.

117
. Kaplan, "Jefferson," 322; Morris,
Forging of the Union,
269.

118
. Kaplan, "Jefferson," 334.

119
. Jacques J. Gorlin, "Foreign Trade and the Constitution," in Robert A. Goldwin and Robert A. Licht, eds.,
Foreign Policy and the Constitution
(Washington, 1990), 57.

120
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
284–85.

121
. Jack N. Rakove, "Making Foreign Policy: The View from 1787," in Goldwin and Licht,
Constitution,
6.

122
. Ibid., 13.

123
. Ibid., 9–13.

124
. Norman A. Graebner, "Isolationism and Antifederalism: The Ratification Debates,"
Diplomatic History
11 (Fall 1987), 337.

125
. Ibid.

126
. Ibid., 339.

127
. Ibid., 340.

128
. Onuf, "Anarchy," 300, 303.

129
. Graebner, "Isolationism," 345.

130
. Ibid., 340.

131
. Morris,
Forging of the Union,
317.

1
. Quoted in Burton Ira Kaufman,
Washington's Farewell Address: The View from the 20th Century
(Chicago, 1969), 183.

2
. Ibid., 184.

3
. Lawrence S. Kaplan, "Thomas Jefferson: The Idealist as Realist," in Frank Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds.,
Makers of American Diplomacy from Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan
(New York, 1974), 56.

4
. Quoted in James A. Field Jr.,
America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882
(Princeton, N.J., 1969), 40.

5
. David S. Patterson, "The Department of State: The Formative Years, 1775–1800,"
Prologue
21 (Winter 1989), 323–24.

6
. Albert K. Weinberg,
Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History
(Chicago, 1963), 72–81.

7
. Quoted in Francis Paul Prucha,
American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly
(Berkeley, Calif., 1991), 1.

8
. Robert Berkhofer Jr.,
The White Man's Indian: American Images of the Indian from Columbus to the Present
(New York, 1978), 142–44; Reginald Horsman,
Race and Manifest Destiny
(Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 104–6.

9
. Michael D. Green,
The Creeks
(New York, 1990), 43–46; Prucha,
Indian Treaties,
79–84.

10
. David Nichols, "The Transformation of Indian Civilization Policy," unpublished paper in possession of author, 8–10.

11
. Green,
Creeks,
46; Lawrence S. Kaplan,
Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire
(Wilmington, Del., 1999), 82.

12
. Richard H. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword: The Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America
(New York, 1975), 112; Horsman,
Race and Manifest Destiny,
111–14.

13
. Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski,
For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America
(New York, 1984), 92.

14
. Tim Matthewson, "George Washington's Policy Toward the Haitian Revolution,"
Diplomatic History
3 (Summer 1979), 324–28.

15
. Ibid.

16
. Jefferson to James Monroe, July 14, 1793, in Julian P. Boyd, ed.,
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,
vol. 26 (Princeton, N.J., 1995), 503.

17
. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick,
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800
(New York, 1993), 4, 77. Classic accounts of the origins of American political parties from very different perspectives are Joseph Charles,
The Origins of the American Party System: Three Essays
(New York, 1961) and Lance Banning,
The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1978).

18
. Joseph J. Ellis,
American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1997), 121.

19
. Ibid., 25–26, 136–37, 146; Kaplan,
Jefferson,
73–74, 78.

20
. For example, Paul Varg,
Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers
(New York, 1970) and more recently Robert W. Tucker and David Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1990) and Walter Russell Mead,
Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World
(New York, 2001). A persuasive critique, at least for Jefferson, is Lawrence S. Kaplan, "Jefferson as Idealist-Realist," in
"Entangling Alliances with None": American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson
(Kent, Ohio, 1987), 3–23.