Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain (91 page)

34
Lake District in 1630s:
A Short Survey of England
, cited in Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, p. 100. Defoe: cited in Norman Nicholson,
The Lakers: The Adventures of the First Tourists
(London, Robert Hale, 1955), p. 24. Scotland: Edward Burt,
Letters from a Gentleman in the North of Scotland
, cited in Peter Womack,
Improvement and Romance: Constructing the Myth of the Highlands
(Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1989), p. 1; Johnson,
A Journey to the Western Isles
, p. 60.

35
Thomas Amory,
The Life and Opinions of John Buncle Esquire
(1756), ed. Ernest A. Baker (London, George Routledge and Sons, 1904), p. 76.

36
The Works of the Right Honorable Edward Burke
, vol. 1 (London, John C. Nimmo, 1887), part 4, section 7, p. 216.

37
William Gilpin,
An Essay on Prints, containing remarks upon the principles of picturesque beauty
(2nd ed., London, J. Robson, 1768), p. 2.

38
Cited in Malcolm Andrews,
The Search for the Picturesque: Landscape Aesthetics and Tourism in Britain, 1760-1800
(Aldershot, Scolar Press, 1989), p. vii.

39
Austen,
Northanger Abbey
, p. 81.

40
Langford,
Polite and Commercial People
, p. 476.

41
James Plumptre,
The Lakers: A Comic Opera
(London, W. Clarke, 1798), p. 2.

42
Cited in Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, pp. 111, 117.

43
Edgeworth,
Castle Rackrent
and
Ennui
, p. 251.

44
Kathryn Temple,
Scandal Nation: Law and Authorship in Britain, 1750-1832
(Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 2003), pp. 74-5.

45
Tobias Smollett,
Humphry Clinker
(1771), ed. James L. Thorson (New York, W. W. Norton, 1983), p. 230.

46
All cited in Paul Baines,
The House of Forgery in Eighteenth-Century Britain
(Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999) p. 107.

47
Altick,
Shows of London
, p. 237.

48
Arthur Loesser,
Men, Women and Pianos: A Social History
(New York, Dover, 1990), p. 257.

49
Byron: St Clair,
Reading Nation
, pp. 333-4.

50
Stana Nenadic, ‘Romanticism and the Urge to Consume in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century’, in Berg and Clifford,
Consumers and Luxury
, p. 215.

51
Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 457.

52
Court Magazine
, July-December 1832,
passim.

53
Adburgham,
Shops and Shopping
, p. 85.

54
Ibid., pp. 51, 65, 71-2.

55
Official Catalogue
, vol. 2, classes 12 and 15, entry 15, p. 486.

56
Cited in Moir,
Discovery of Britain
, p. 143.

57
Plumptre,
The Lakers
, pp. 19, 58.

58
Ibid., pp. 6, 12, 16.

59
Official Catalogue
, vol. 2, ‘Advertiser’, p. 23.

60
Andrews,
Search for the Picturesque
, pp. 67, 74-5.

61
Cited in Cooper, ‘George Nicholson’, in Isaacs and McKay,
Mighty Engine
, p. 51.

62
The Times
, 8 March 1827, p. 4. I am grateful to Keith Ramsey for this reference, and to Michael Hargreave Mawson for further information on rhodium.

63
Cited in Anthony and Pip Burton,
The Green Bag Travellers: Britain’s First Tourists
(London, André Deutsch, 1978), p. 25.

64
It is Andrews, in
Search for the Picturesque
, p. 11, who notices the change from Latin to English, but he gives a different interpretation for the reason behind it.

65
Parliamentary Papers, Select Committee on Public Houses, 1853-4.

66
Brendon,
Thomas Cook
, pp. 33, 36-7; Cook,
A Hand Book
, pp. 7ff.

67
Brendon,
Thomas Cook
, pp. 39-40.

68
Ibid, p. 50.

69
Ibid., p. 64.

70
Ibid., p. 65.

71
Jim Ring,
How the English Made the Alps
(London, John Murray, 2000), p. 53.

72
Frederic Harrison,
Memories and Thoughts: Men - Books - Cities - Art
(London, Macmillan, 1906), p. 240.

73
Christopher Smout, ‘Tours in the Scottish Highlands from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries’,
Northern Scotland
, 5, 2 (1983), pp. 114-15.

74
Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
, p. 41.

75
Ring,
How the English Made the Alps
, pp. 46-7.

76
John Ruskin, ‘On the Old Road’, in
The Works of John Ruskin
(London, George Allen, Library Edition, 1887-1912), vol. 34, p. 140.

77
All cited in Brendon,
Thomas Cook
, pp. 81, 89, 90.

78
Cook,
Excursionist
magazine, 6 June 1864.

79
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, p. 162.

80
James Walvin,
Leisure and Society, 1830-1950
(London, Longman, 1978), p. 19.

81
John Hannavy,
The English Seaside in Victorian and Edwardian Times
(Princes Risborough, Shire, 2003), p. 9.

82
John Lowerson and John Myerscough,
Time to Spare in Victorian England
(Hassocks, Harvester, 1977), p. 33.

83
Jane Austen,
Emma
(1815), ed. Fiona Stafford (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 2003), pp. 97, 101.

84
Graham Davis and Penny Bonsall,
Bath: A New History
(Keele, Keele University Press, 1996), pp. 29, 40.

85
Borsay,
English Urban Renaissance
, p. 31; Cyril Ehrlich,
The Music Profession in Britain since the Eighteenth Century: A Social History
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1985), pp. 23-4.

86
Davis and Bonsall,
Bath
, pp. 53-5.

87
Borsay,
English Urban Renaissance
, p. 35.

88
Pierce Egan,
Walks through Bath
(Bath, Meyler and Sons, 1819), pp. 68-9.

89
Adburgham,
Shops and Shopping
, pp. 45-6.

90
Trevor Fawcett,
Bath Entertain’d: Amusements, Recreations and Gambling at the 18th-Century Spa
(Bath, Ruton, 1998), pp. 57-9.

91
Ehrlich,
Music Profession in Britain
, pp. 23-4.

92
The Original Bath Guide, Considerably Enlarged and Improved
(Bath, J. Savage and Meyler and Son, 1811), pp. 103-4, 111.

93
Cited in Peter Borsay,
The Image of Georgian Bath, 1700-2000: Towns, Heritage and History
(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 27.

94
Jane Austen,
Persuasion
(1818), ed. Gillian Beer (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1998), p. 15.

95
Davis and Bonsall,
Bath
, pp. 81, 72-3.

96
[W.T.],
The Express and Herald Original Bath Guide, Historical and Descriptive
(Bath, William Lewis, Express and County Herald, [1870?]),
passim.

97
Hembry,
British Spas from 1815
, pp. 1-2.

98
Ibid., pp. 10-11, 33-4.

99
Ibid., p. 16.

100
Cited in P. M. Horsley, ‘George Keate and the Voltaire-Shakespeare Controversy’,
Comparative Literature Studies
, 16 (1945), p. 7.

101
Cited in Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, p. 32.

102
Lloyd’s Evening Post
in Ian McIntyre,
Garrick
(Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1999), p. 548; Boswell cited in Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, pp. 326-7.

103
Cited in McIntyre,
Garrick
, p. 351.

104
[George Colman],
Man and Wife; or, The Shakespeare Jubilee
(Dublin, for A. Leathley, S. Powell, P. and W. Wilson, et al., 1770), pp. 6-7.

105
From her obituary in the
Gentleman’s Magazine
, March 1815, p. 284.

106
This description has been taken from Christian Deelman,
The Great Shakespeare Jubilee
(London, Michael Joseph, 1964), p. 284.

107
Samuel Foote, cited in ibid., p. 285.

108
Deelman,
The Great Shakespeare Jubilee
, pp. 274-5.

109
Byng,
Torrington Diaries
, vol. 1, p. 224.

110
For the facts and also their interpretation, Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, p. 28.

111
Ibid., p. 36.

112
Ibid., pp. 38-9.

113
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, pp. 85, 160.

114
[Pardon],
The London Conductor
, pp. 53-4, 56.

115
Smout, ‘Tours in the Scottish Highlands’,
Northern Scotland
, 5, 2 (1983), p. 107; Sir Walter Scott, ‘The Lord of the Isles’, appendix K, in
The Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott
(Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1857), vol. 5, p. 325.

116
Smout, ‘Tours in the Scottish Highlands’,
Northern Scotland
, 5, 2 (1983), p. 112.

117
Walvin,
Leisure and Society
, pp. 22-3.

118
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, p. 162.

119
Avril Lansdell,
Seaside Fashions 1860-1939: A Study of Clothes Worn in or beside the Sea
(Princes Risborough, Shire, 1990), pp. 16-17.

120
Cited in Adburgham,
Shops and Shopping
, p. 125.

121
Lansdell,
Seaside Fashions
, pp. 5-6.

122
Ibid., pp. 15, 19.

123
Ibid., pp. 19, 24-5, 27, 29-30; Phillis Cunnington and Alan Mansfield,
English Costumes for Sports and Outdoor Recreation: From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries
(London, Adam & Charles Black 1969), pp. 264-6.

124
Freeman,
Railways and the Victorian Imagination
, p. 116.

125
Hannavy,
The English Seaside
, pp. 9-10.

126
I am indebted for this concept, as well as for the material that follows in the next six paragraphs, to Richard Roberts, ‘The Corporation as Impresario: The Municipal Provision of Entertainment in Victorian and Edwardian Britain’, in Walvin and Walton,
Leisure in Britain
, pp. 136-57.

127
Ehrlich,
Music Profession in Britain
, p. 64.

128
Ibid., pp. 56, 64.

129
Cited in Schivelbusch,
The Railway Journey
, p. 61.

7:
The Greatest Shows on Earth?

1
It is impossible to write about the shows of London without bringing in Richard Altick’s seminal
The Shows of London
at every turn. I must therefore stress my debt to Altick here, and simply indicate my areas of heaviest reliance: for architectural models, pp. 113-15; art exhibitions, p. 409; automata, pp. 60, 69, 357-8; de Loutherbourg, pp. 119-25; dioramas, pp. 163-5; ethnographic shows, pp. 45-6; Charles Mathews, pp. 222-4; Napoleon, pp. 222, 238-40, 396; panoramas, pp. 129, 136-7, 167, 176-7, 199, 203-4, 208-9, 410; photography, pp. 376-8; science exhibitions, pp. 81, 84-5, 371-2; sightseeing, pp. 434-7; toys, pp. 232-3; waxworks, p. 51; zoos and menageries, pp. 307-15, 317-18. For the evangelical response to shows and theatres, pp. 207, 228-9. Where citations in this chapter are not directly credited, these pages are the source.

2
James Robinson Plancheé,
The Drama at Home; or, An Evening with Puff
(London, S. G. Fairbrother, 1844), p. 20.

3
Burney,
Evelina
, p. 85.

4
Andrews,
Search for the Picturesque
, p. 30.

5
Terence Rees,
Theatre Lighting in the Age of Gas
(London, Society for Theatre Research, 1978), p. 84.

6
Samuel Pepys,
The Diary of Samuel Pepys
, ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews (11 vols., London, Bell & Hyman, 1970-83), vol. 7, p. 333.

7
Planché, The Drama at Home, p. 20.

8
James Fenimore Cooper,
England. With Sketches of Society in the Metropolis
(London, Richard Bentley, 1837), vol. 2, pp. 47-8.

9
This table is drawn from figures cited in Altick,
Shows of London
, pp. 454, 467.

10
Tinniswood,
Country House Visiting
, p. 132.

11
Ibid., p. 130.

12
Prince Pückler-Müskau,
Pückler’s Progress: The Adventures of Prince Pückler-Muskau in England, Wales and Ireland, as told in letters to his former wife, 1826-9
, tr. Flora Brennan (London, Collins, 1987), pp. 133, 137.

13
From ‘the new turnpike’ to the Lancaster assize: Amanda Vickery,
The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England
(London, Yale University Press, 1998), p. 252. The Bridgewater Canal, silver plating and iron smelting: Uglow,
Lunar Men
, p. 139-41; Lybbe Powys,
Diaries
, pp. 20, 65, 126.