Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain (90 page)

18
Louis,
Fiction for the Working Man
, p. 8.

19
Kaufman,
Libraries and their Users
, p. 44.

20
R. J. Morris, ‘Clubs, Societies and Associations’, in F. M. L. Thompson, ed.,
The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950
, vol. 3:
Social Agencies and Institutions
(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 406.

21
Cited in Kaufman,
Libraries and their Users
, p. 36.

22
Ibid., p. 37.

23
Borsay,
English Urban Renaissance
, pp. 133-4.

24
Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 180.

25
Cited in Kaufman,
Libraries and their Users
, p. 17.

26
Ibid., pp. 210-15.

27
Phyllis Hembry,
British Spas from 1815 to the Present: A Social History
(London, Athlone Press, 1997), p. 4.

28
Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 177.

29
Ibid., pp. 177-8.

30
Cited in Louis,
Fiction for the Working Man
, p. 6.

31
‘Moral Statistics of Parishes in Westminster’,
Journal of the Statistical Society
, 1 (1838), p. 485.

32
St Clair,
Reading Nation
, p. 244.

33
Victor E. Neuburg,
Popular Literature: A History and Guide, from the Beginning of Printing to the Year 1897
(London, Woburn Press, 1977), p. 172.

34
James J. Barnes, ‘Depression and Innovation in the British and American Book Trade, 1819-1939’, in Kenneth E. Carpenter, ed.,
Books and Society in History: Papers of the Association of College and Research Libraries Rare Books and Manuscripts Preconference
(New York, R. R. Bowker, 1983), p. 237.

35
Louis,
Fiction for the Working Man
, p. 38.

36
James J. Barnes,
Free Trade in Books: A Study of the London Book Trade since 1800
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1964), p. 116.

37
Listed in Anderson,
Printed Image
, p. 162.

38
John A. Sutherland,
Victorian Novelists and Publishers
(Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 5.

39
Robert Collison,
The Story of Street Literature: Forerunner of the Popular Press
(London, J. M. Dent & Sons, 1973), p. 11, p. 23.

40
Neuburg,
Popular Literature
, p. 26.

41
Sarah Wise,
The Italian Boy: Murder and Grave-Robbery in 1830s London
(London, Jonathan Cape, 2004), pp. 241, 244.

42
Charles Hindley,
The History of the Catnach Press, at Berwick-upon Tweed, Alnwick and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in Northumberland, and Seven Dials, London
(London, Charles Hindley, 1886), pp. 65-8.

43
This is cited in ibid., p. 77, but unfortunately there is no indication of the source.

44
Ibid., pp. 52ff.

45
Angus Fraser, ‘John Thurtell’, in
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
; Alsager Vian, rev. J. Gilliland, ‘William Corder’, ibid.; information on Bartholomew Fair, in Altick,
Shows of London
, p. 420.

46
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 288.

47
Sutherland,
Victorian Novelists
, p. 75.

48
Marjorie Plant,
The English Book Trade: An Economic History of the Making and Sale of Books
(2nd ed., London, George Allen & Unwin, 1965), pp. 299-300.

49
Ibid., pp. 345-7, 350, 352, 353.

50
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 200.

51
Athenaeum
, 2 January 1828.

52
Cited in Guinevere L. Griest,
Mudie’s Circulating Library and the Victorian Novel
(Newton Abbot, David and Charles, 1970), p. 82.

53
For the information on Mudie’s in the previous four paragraphs, ibid., pp. 17-21, 25, 28, 39, 62.

54
Quarterly Review
, 42 (1830), p. 384.

55
Passenger numbers: Bagwell
Transport Revolution
, pp. 95, 97; T. R. Gourvish,
Railways and the British Economy, 1830-1914
(London, Macmillan, 1980), p. 26. Track mileage: Bagwell,
Transport Revolution
, pp. 81-2.

56
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 337.

57
Sutherland,
Victorian Novelists
, pp. 20-21.

58
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 290.

59
Sutherland,
Victorian Novelists
, pp. 32-3.

60
Ibid., pp. 30-31.

61
Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
, pp. 245-7.

62
Schivelbusch,
The Railway Journey
, p. 65.

63
‘Railway Circulating Libraries’,
Punch
, 1849, p. 61.

64
Freeman,
Railways and the Victorian Imagination
, p. 89.

65
Saunders,
Authorship and Copyright
, p. 140.

66
Altick,
English Common Reader
, pp. 308-9.

67
‘Empedocles’, in
The Oxford Companion to English Literature
, ed. Margaret Drabble (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000).

68
Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
, p. 247.

69
This was not published until the twentieth century, however. Anthony Trollope,
The New Zealander
, ed. N. John Hall (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 183.

70
Brendon,
Thomas Cook
, p. 16.

71
I am grateful for this information to Jan Morris, who has passed it on to me from Sir Kyffin Williams, RA.

72
Freeman,
Railways and the Victorian Imagination
, p. 46.

73
Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
, pp. 345-6.

74
Thomas Cook,
A Hand Book of the Trip from Leicester, Nottingham, and Derby to Liverpool and the Coast of North Wales
(1845), intro. Paul Smith (London, Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1998), p. 7.

75
John Gadsby,
Notes and Queries
, 3 January 1885.

76
Percy Fitzgerald,
The Story of ‘Bradshaw’s Guide’
(London, Field & Tuer, 1890), pp. 8, 15, 22, 29, 35.

77
Collins,
Advertisers Guardian
, 1885, pp. 146ff.

78
The Times
, 8 October 1861, p. 6.

79
Punch
, 1864, p. 217 (and
Punch
, never one to let a good joke go, carries the saga over two further pages).

80
Cited in Felicity A. Nussbaum, Polygamy,
Pamela
, and the Prerogative of Empire’, in Birmingham and Brewer, Consumption of Culture, p. 217.

81
Cited in Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 634.

82
Langford,
Polite and Commercial People
, p. 508.

83
St Clair,
Reading Nation
, p. 233.

84
Altick,
Shows of London
, pp. 244-5.

85
St Clair,
Reading Nation
, p. 214.

86
I have drawn on Shawn Malley, ‘Shipping the Bull: Staging Assyria in the British Museum’,
Nineteenth-Century Contexts
, 26, 1 (2004), for this account, especially pp. 3-5.

87
Planché,
Mr Buckstone’s Voyage Round the Globe (in Leicester Square)
, in
The Extravaganzas of J. R. Planché
, vol. 5, p. 12.

88
Ian Ousby,
The Englishman’s England: Taste, Travel and the Rise of Tourism
(London, Pimlico, 2002), p. 13.

89
Sir Herbert George Fordham,
’Paterson’s Roads’: Daniel Paterson, His Maps and Itineraries, 1738-1825
(London, Oxford University Press, for the Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, 1925), pp. 333-5.

90
Edward Mogg,
Paterson’s Roads
. . . (16th ed., London, Longman, Hurst, Bees, Orme, and Brown, et al., 1822).

91
Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, pp. 61-2; Adrian Tinniswood,
A History of Country House Visiting: Five Centuries of Tourism and Taste
(Oxford, Basil Blackwood and the National Trust, 1989), p. 94.

92
Cited in Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, pp. 12-13.

93
Audrey Cooper, ‘George Nicholson and his Cambrian Traveller’s Guide’, in Isaacs and McKay,
Mighty Engine
, pp. 48, 51-2.

94
Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, pp. 122-3.

95
Cited in Esther Moir,
The Discovery of Britain: The English Tourists, 1540-1840
(London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964), p. 142.

96
The Birmingham Saturday Half Holiday-Guide, with a Map
(Birmingham, William Walker, [1871]),
passim.

97
Huggins,
Victorians and Sport
, p. 157; Neil Tranter,
Sport, Economy and Society in Britain, 1750-1914
(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 22.

6:
To Travel Hopefully: Holidays and Tourism

1
George Eliot,
Adam Bede
(1859), ed. Stephen Gill (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1985), p. 557.

2
This society is named in Liza Picard,
Victorian London: The Life of a City, 1840-1870
(London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p. 106, but unfortunately no source is given.

3
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, p. 42.

4
All cited in Neil McKendrick, ‘Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline’,
Historical Journal
, 4, 1 (1961), p. 46.

5
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, pp. 146-7.

6
Ibid., pp. 64-5.

7
Charles Dickens,
The Christmas Books
, vol. 1:
A Christmas Carol and The Chimes
(1843, 1844), ed. Michael Slater (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1985), p. 53.

8
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, p. 61.

9
St Monday and working days a year: Hans-Joachim Voth, ‘Work and the Sirens of Consumption in Eighteenth-Century London’, in Marina Bianchi, ed.,
The Active Consumer: Novelty and Surprise in Consumer Choice
(London, Routledge, 1998), pp. 146-7. Fairs: Mark Judd, “‘The oddest combination of town and country”: Popular Culture and the London Fairs, 1800-60’, in James Walvin and J. K. Walton, eds.,
Leisure in Britain, 1780-1939
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1983), p. 15.

10
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, p. 64.

11
Gregory Anderson,
Victorian Clerks
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1976), p. 16.

12
Shop times and ‘we never closed at all’: Winstanley,
Shopkeeper’s World
, pp. 57-8; except Liberty’s: Adburgham,
Liberty’s
, p. 36, and Harrod’s: Sean Callery,
Harrods Knightsbridge: The Story of Society’s Favourite Store
(London, Ebury, 1991), p. 41.

13
Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, p. 143.

14
J. R. Taylor,
Government, Legal, and General Saturday Half-Holiday . . . Report of the Great Public Meeting, held in the Guildhall of the City of London, on the 15th of August, 1855
. . . (London, V. & R. Stevens and G. S. Norton, 1857), p. 12.

15
Cited in Altick,
Shows of London
, p. 471.

16
Cited in Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
, p. 62.

17
Cited in W. G. Hoskins,
Devon
(Newton Abbot, David and Charles, 1972), p. 152.

18
Colley,
Britons
, p. 172.

19
Cited in Tinniswood,
Country House Visiting
, p. 67.

20
Jane Austen,
Pride and Prejudice
(1813), ed. Vivien Jones (rev. ed., Harmondsworth, Penguin, 2003), pp. 231-2.

21
Mrs Philip Lybbe Powys,
Passages from the Diaries of Mrs Philip Lybbe Powys, of Herwick House, Oxon, 1756-1808
, ed. Emily J. Climenson (London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1899), p. 18.

22
Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, p. 61.

23
Cited in ibid., pp. 50, 57.

24
Lybbe Powys,
Diaries
, p. 167.

25
John Byng, Viscount Torrington,
The Torrington Diaries
, ed. C. Bruyn Andrews (London, Methuen, 1970), vol. 2, p. 204.

26
Cited in Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 219.

27
Cited in Tinniswood,
Country House Visiting
, pp. 93-4.

28
Lybbe Powys,
Diaries
, p. 7.

29
Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 303.

30
Lybbe Powys,
Diaries
, pp. 165, 168.

31
Cited in Ousby,
Englishman’s England
, pp. 63-4.

32
Charles Dickens,
Bleak House
(1853), ed. Norman Page (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1985), p. 137.

33
Cost of travel, Brendon,
Thomas Cook
, p. 14. Income for journeymen: Elizabeth Waterman Gilboy, ‘Demand as a Factor in the Industrial Revolution’, in R. M. Hartwell, ed.,
The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England
(London, Methuen, 1967), p. 131.