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NOTES

Preface

1
Samuel Johnson,
A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland
(1775), ed. Peter Levi (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1984), p. 48.

2
James Pope-Hennessy,
Queen Mary: 1867-1953
(London, Unwin, 1959), pp. 277-8.

3
Edward Gibbon,
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(1776-88), ed. David Womersley (Harmondsworth, Allen Lane, 1994), vol. 2, ch. 31, p. 174.

1:
From Arcadia to Arcade: The Great Exhibition

1
This was from a speech given at the Mansion House, 21 March 1850 and reported in
The Times
, 22 March 1850, p. 5, col. b.

2
Marie Mulvey Roberts, ‘Pleasures Engendered by Gender: Homosociality and the Club’, in Roy Porter and Marie Mulvey Roberts, eds.,
Pleasure in the Eighteenth Century
(Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996), p. 48.

3
Joseph Addison,
The Spectators
, ed. Donald F. Bond (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965), vol. 1, p. 34.

4
Pat Rogers, ‘Joseph Addison’, in
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, 2004.

5
John Brewer,
The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century
(London, HarperCollins, 1997), p. 35.

6
Addison,
The Spectators
,
Spectator
9, p. 42.

7
Peter Clark,
British Clubs and Societies, 1580-1800: The Origins of an Associational World
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2000), p. 89.

8
Ibid., pp. 67-8.

9
The information on the formation of the RSA, and its finances, comes from Derek Hudson and Kenneth W. Luckhurst,
The Royal Society of Arts, 1754-1954
(London, John Murray, 1954), pp. 6-11, 41.

10
R. Campbell,
The London Tradesman, being a compendious view of all the trades, professions, arts, both liberal and mechanic, now practised in the cities of London and Westminster
(London, T. Gardner, 1747), pp. 103, 110, 108, 106.

11
Sarah Lowengard, ‘Colours and colour making in the eighteenth century’, in Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford, eds.,
Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe, 1650-1850
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1999), pp. 104-5.

12
Cited in Jeffrey A. Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display
(London, Yale University Press, 1999), p. 12.

13
Toys described in George Buday,
The History of the Christmas Card
(London, Spring Books, 1964), pp. 7-8.

14
Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, pp. 70, 57, 65.

15
Cited in ibid., p. 64.

16
P. Greenhalgh,
Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions and World’s Fairs, 1851-1939
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1988), pp. 28-9.

17
From the
Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue
(London, Spicer Bros., 1851), contents pages.

18
William Felkin,
The Exhibition in 1851, of the Products and Industry of All Nations. Its Probable Influence upon Labour and Commerce
(London, Arthur Hall, Virtue, 1851), pp. 5, 8.

19
Horace Greeley,
Glances at Europe: In a Series of Letters from Great Britain, France, Italy, Switzerland, &c., during the Summer of 1851, including notices of the Great Exhibition, or World’s Fair
(New York, Dewitt & Davenport, 1851), p. 22.

20
Cited in Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, p. 108.

21
The episode, and interpretation, are highlighted in ibid., p. 96.

22
Blotters, letter-openers, perspective view and cigar boxes: John Johnson Collection of Ephemera, Bodleian Library, JJ Great Exhibition Artefacts 3, 4. Handkerchief: ibid., JJ Printed Fabrics, 1. Gloves: Sarah Levitt,
Victorians Unbuttoned: Registered Designs for Clothing, their Makers and Wearers, 1839-1900
(London, George Allen & Unwin, 1986), p. 20.

23
John Johnson Collection, JJ Tea & Coffee 2.

24
Official Catalogue
, vol. 2, section 11, Cotton, entry 51.

25
Knives and cutlery from
Official Catalogue
, vol. 2, section 21, entry 690. Vase described in Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, pp. 112-13.

26
Levitt,
Victorians Unbuttoned
, pp. 106-7.

27
The anti-concussion hat: Patrick Beaver,
The Crystal Palace: A Portrait of Victorian Enterprise
(2nd ed., London, Phillimore, 1986), p. 51. Yachting clothes and doctor’s suit: Alison Adburgham,
Shops and Shopping, 1800-1914: Where, and in What Manner the Well-Dressed Englishwoman Bought her Clothes
(London, George Allen & Unwin, 1981), p. 92. ‘Duplexa’ coat:
Official Catalogue
, vol. 2, section 20, entry 69.

28
Adburgham,
Shops and Shopping
, p. 92.

29
Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, p. 110; Beaver,
The Crystal Palace
, p. 52.

30
Official Catalogue
, vol. 2, sections 10 and 26, entries 468, 477a, 484, 496. Smyth and Roberts’s piano, Cyril Ehrlich,
The Piano: A History
(rev. ed., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 28.

31
Official Catalogue
, vol. 2, section 10, entries 480, 487.

32
Illustrated London News
, 14 June 1851, p. 570.

33
Henry Mayhew and George Cruikshank,
1851: or, The Adventures of Mr and Mrs Sandboys and Family, Who Came Up to London to ‘Enjoy Themselves’, and to See the Great Exhibition
(London, George Newbold, [1851]), p. 1.

34
Cited in Thomas Richards,
The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851-1914
(Stanford, Cal., Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 29. The original source is unclear, as there is a confusion in the footnote.

35
Paul Langford,
A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727-1783
(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989; p/b 1992), pp. 68-9.

36
Ibid., p. 70.

37
Lorna Weatherill,
Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1760
(London, Routledge, 1988), p. 25.

38
Neil McKendrick, ‘The Consumer Revolution in Eighteenth-Century England’, in Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb,
The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England
(London, Europa, 1982), p. 26.

39
Weatherill,
Consumer Behaviour
, p. 25.

40
George Colman and David Garrick,
The Clandestine Marriage
, in William Jones,
Jones’s British Theatre
(Dublin, John Chambers, 1795), vol. 9, p. 40.

41
Peter Mathias,
The Transformation of England: Essays in the Economic and Social History of England in the Eighteenth Century
(London, Methuen, 1979), p. 162.

42
Punch
, 30 October 1880, p. 194.

43
Cited in Lori Anne Loeb,
Consuming Angels: Advertising and Victorian Women
(New York, Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 26.

44
Cited in Dianne Sachko Macleod,
Art and the Victorian Middle Class: Money and the Making of Cultural Identity
(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 274.

45
Cited in ibid., p. 275.

46
‘Helix’ [W. B. Adams], ‘The Industrial Exhibition of 1851’,
Westminster Review
, April 1850, p. 97.

47
Walter Benjamin,
Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism
(London, Verso, 1983), p. 166.

48
The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861
, ed. Arthur Christopher Benson and Viscount Esher (London, John Murray, 1908), vol. 2, p. 317.

49
Cited in Greenhalgh,
Ephemeral Vistas
, p. 31.

50
Punch
, 1851, p. 43.

51
Illustrated London News
, 31 May 1851, p. 501.

52
The Times
, 2 May 1851, p. 5, col. a.

53
Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, p. 138.

54
Jenny Uglow,
The Lunar Men: The Friends Who Made the Future, 1730-1810
(London, Faber, 2002), p. 216.

55
Statutes at Large, XVI, 388-94, cited in Clark,
British Clubs and Societies
, p. 351.

56
Ibid., pp. 350-51.

57
Richard D. Altick,
The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900
(Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1957), p. 205.

58
Ibid., p. 202.

59
Cited in John Seed, ‘Commerce and the Liberal Arts: The Political Economy of Art in Manchester, 1775-1860’, in Janet Wolff and John Seed, eds.,
The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-Century Middle Class
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1988), p. 69.

60
H. Cunningham,
Leisure in the Industrial Revolution, c. 1780-c.1880
(London, Croom Helm, 1980), p. 101.

61
Jack Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
(London, Thames and Hudson, 1995), p. 272.

62
Michael Freeman,
Railways and the Victorian Imagination
(New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999), p. 114.

63
Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, p. 139.

64
Cited in Piers Brendon,
Thomas Cook: 150 Years of Popular Tourism
(London, Secker & Warburg, 1991), p. 58.

65
Ibid., p. 57.

66
Ibid., p. 63.

67
Cited in Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, p. 136.

68
Ibid., pp. 141-2.

69
Mayhew,
1851
, p. 15.

70
Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
, p. 275; Philip S. Bagwell,
The Transport Revolution
(2nd ed., London, Routledge, 1988), p. 116.

71
Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition
, p. 135.

72
Ibid., p. 142.

73
[George Frederick Pardon],
The London Conductor; Being a Guide for Visitors to the Great Industrial Exhibition
. . . (London, John Cassell, 1851; reprint, Kilkenny, Boethius, 1984), n.p.

74
Christopher Breward,
The Hidden Consumer: Masculinities, Fashion and City Life, 1860-1914
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1999), pp. 132-3.

75
Richard D. Altick,
The Shows of London
(Cambridge, Mass., The Belknap Press, 1978), pp. 462, 464-5, 426.

76
James Robinson Planché,
The Extravaganzas of J. R. Planché, Esq., Somerset Herald, 1825-1871
, ed. T. F. Dillon Croker and Stephen Tucker (5 vols., London, Samuel French, 1879). Mr Buckstone appears in vol. 5, pp. 5-34.

77
Brendon,
Thomas Cook
, p. 57.

78
The Times
, 29 May 1851, p. 8, col. a.

2:
‘A Nation of Shopkeepers’: The Eighteenth-century Shop

1
Idler
, 56 (12 May 1759), in Samuel Johnson,
Idler and Adventurer
, Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, vol. 2 (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1963), p. 175.

2
Cited in Michael J. Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World, 1830-1914
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1983), pp. 12-13.

3
Hoh-Cheung Mui and Lorna H. Mui,
Shops and Shopkeeping in Eighteenth-Century England
(London, Routledge, 1989), p. 5.

4
Nancy Cox,
The Complete Tradesman: A Study of Retailing, 1550-1820
(Aldershot, Ashgate, 2000), p. 39.

5
Ibid., p. 42.

6
Ibid., pp. 36, 45, 44; Mui and Mui,
Shops and Shopkeeping
, pp. 108-10.

7
Winstanley,
Shopkeeper’s World
, p. 15.

8
Cox,
Complete Tradesman
, pp. 77-9, 98.

9
Mui and Mui,
Shops and Shopkeeping
, p. 47.

10
Ibid., p. 47.

11
Cox,
Complete Tradesman
, pp. 89-90.

12
Ibid., p. 129.

13
Mui and Mui,
Shops and Shopkeeping
, pp. 207-8.