Read The Passport in America: The History of a Document Online

Authors: Craig Robertson

Tags: #Law, #Emigration & Immigration, #Legal History

The Passport in America: The History of a Document (70 page)

BOOK: The Passport in America: The History of a Document
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servants,
156
Seward, William,
156
on passport regulations,
142
signature of,
60
–61,
271
n22,
271
n24,
271
n26
“Sherlock Holmes” (Doyle),
58
Shipley, Ruth,
40
,
53
,
200
,
228
ship passports,
16
signatures,
54
–63
with applications,
98
,
102
–3,
193
authenticity of,
9
,
54
–57,
59
–63,
270
n6
as authority,
59
–63
on back of photographs,
81
on banknotes,
36
,
37
,
60
of bearer,
66
comparing,
55
–56,
57
handwritten,
54
–62
idiosyncratic,
270
n7
to legitimate claims on paper,
22
as marks,
54
–58,
60
,
270
n6
by parent or guardian,
55
passport issuance halted without,
59
repeatability of,
55
–56,
61
,
63
,
271
n25
seals as,
59
,
61
,
271
n29
of secretary of state,
9
,
54
,
59
–63,
271
n22,
271
n24,
271
n26
stamped,
61
–62,
106
,
271
n26
visas accompanied by,
23
,
25
witnesses of,
55
,
57
,
270
n5
“X” as,
55
size, of passports,
29
,
31
,
266
n19
skull shape, personality traits from,
75
slave pass system,
15
–16,
26
,
264
n33
slaves, runaway notices for,
265
n33
“smart cards,”
17
,
249
social circles,
57
,
126
social identity,
73
,
88
souvenir, passport as,
195
,
215
special passports,
263
n18
specie,
36
St. Petersburg,
69
stamped signatures,
61
–62,
106
,
271
n26
stamps
for applying legends across photographs,
80
–81
counterfeit consular,
39
for visas,
218
standardization
of applications,
92
,
95
,
97
authority and,
39
,
42
centralization and,
4
,
5
,
7
,
14
,
15
,
42
,
233
of currency,
38
of identity,
9
–10,
48
,
111
–12
of passports,
38
–39,
61
–63,
79
,
110
,
218
,
220
of photographs,
9
–10,
82
,
88
–89
of physical description,
65
,
70
–74,
79
of spelling of names,
9
standardized forms,
5
,
97
,
112
,
176
state
citizenship granted by,
5
,
12
,
131
memory of,
115
,
117
,
170
,
175
,
182
,
212
–13,
246
–47
relationship between citizens and,
95
,
108
,
213
–14,
216
,
217
,
236
–37
states, tensions between federal government and,
127
,
131
–32
State Department
authority of,
29
,
36
,
131
,
141
as author of passport,
23
as bureaucracy,
113
–15,
117
correspondence of,
114
–15,
117
,
279
n18,
280
n19
Department of Commerce and Labor
dispute with,
178
,
181
Department of Foreign Affairs renamed as,
26
employees’ memories and,
113
–14
filing systems in,
114
–15,
117
–18
on names,
9
,
47
,
50
–52
as owner of passport,
23
passports issued (1801–1850),
16
,
61
passports issued (1850–1898),
61
passports issued (1898–1905),
61
passport types issued by,
263
n18
reorganization of,
110
–11,
112
role of,
189
seal of,
33
statements.
See also
word
with applications,
95
,
103
,
106
regarding births,
105
–6
identification through,
96
steamships
agencies,
52
first-class passengers on,
165
,
170
manifests,
166
–71,
178
,
182
,
183
,
212
“midnight races” and,
204
–5
on-board inspections,
165
–66,
190
,
293
n24,
299
n24
passports required on,
186
,
190
,
208
second-class passengers on,
165
,
170
separation of immigrants on,
299
n24
steerage passengers on,
165
,
170
,
220
–21
third-class passengers on,
220
–21,
299
n24
tourism and,
220
–21
steerage passengers,
165
,
170
,
220
–21
stolen passports,
194
–95
students,
194
,
221
supporting documents,
7
demand for,
68
fraudulent,
206
use of,
243
Supreme Court
on immigration,
160
,
164
,
179
on legal status of passport,
125
–27,
179
on naturalization and whiteness,
161
surnames,
44
,
45
,
47
surveillance,
6
,
242
,
244
digital,
246
during WWI,
189
,
199
–201
suspect lists,
188
–89,
201
suspect populations.
See also
aliens; Bolsheviks; criminals
identification of,
2
,
69
,
72
immigrants as,
12
–13
photographs of,
10
,
88
physical description of,
77
,
79
,
206
surveillance of,
199
,
200
symbols
of authority,
22
chalk, on immigrants,
167
of membership, names as,
47
,
48
on visas,
204
Tagg, John,
84
Taney’s
Dred Scott
opinion,
147
,
148
,
149
tattoos,
183
.
See also
scars and tattoos
taxation
fees as,
23
,
224
–27
head tax from aliens,
179
income taxes,
6
,
45
,
216
Taylor, Zachery,
132
teachers,
72
,
225
technologies and techniques of identification,
9
,
68
.
See also
anthropometry; Bertillonage system; fingerprinting; photography
technology of verification,
17
,
237
,
247
tezkereh
, Turkish,
135
,
136
–37
Thompson, Justice,
125
–26
Thumb-o-graph,
241
tourism,
217
–18,
220
–23,
225
–27
Trachtenberg, Alan,
83
,
90
–91
trade,
153
,
224
Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917,
199
Translating and Miscellaneous Bureau,
110
travel,
8
.
See also
steamships; tourism;
specific countries
citizenship as important identity for,
150
commercialization of,
221
–22,
299
n27
expenditures on,
222
,
300
n32
freedom of,
125
BOOK: The Passport in America: The History of a Document
10.67Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

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