Read The Passport in America: The History of a Document Online

Authors: Craig Robertson

Tags: #Law, #Emigration & Immigration, #Legal History

The Passport in America: The History of a Document (63 page)

BOOK: The Passport in America: The History of a Document
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physical appearance and,
75
,
83
children,
156
,
176
.
See also
infants
China,
29
,
46
–47
Chinese Exclusion Acts,
13
,
46
–47,
107
,
161
,
171
–72,
178
bureaucracy and,
117
–19
as documentary regime of verification,
118
–19
enforcement of,
175
,
288
n15
exemptions from,
46
,
86
,
117
–18,
163
,
172
,
173
,
176
,
179
Chinese immigrants,
46
–47,
171
–77
case files,
46
filing systems for,
175
–76
Immigration Bureau and,
46
,
117
–18,
175
,
178
–79,
181
photographs of,
86
–87,
176
,
181
physical appearance of,
172
–74,
176
restrictions on,
161
,
163
,
172
,
175
visas for,
172
citizenship.
See also
certificate of citizenship, passport as; declaration of intent; dubious citizens; native-born citizens; naturalized citizens
African Americans and,
4
,
12
,
127
,
128
,
131
–34,
143
–45,
147
–48
birthright,
178
,
231
–33
commission report on,
158
–59
definition of,
127
,
128
,
147
–48,
151
,
248
“industrial,”
162
legal debates about,
125
–27
loyalty and,
141
,
151
,
153
,
155
,
158
through naturalization of husband or parent,
103
oath of allegiance as proof of,
98
–99,
100
f
,
277
n16,
277
n19
practices of good and bad,
155
–58
prima facie evidence of,
179
,
180
race and,
107
,
133
,
143
–45,
147
–48
states’ granting of,
5
,
12
,
131
verification of,
47
,
91
whiteness and,
102
,
103
,
203
of women,
50
,
93
,
95
,
159
,
276
n4
Citizenship Act of 1907,
12
Civilian Advisory Commission,
199
civil service, reform of,
113
Civil War
absentee ballots during,
276
n9
bond paid by noncitizens to leave
country during,
142
comparing signatures during,
55
–56
money during,
37
oath of allegiance during,
277
n16
passport agents during,
293
n41
passport requirements during,
142
,
187
,
271
n24
class.
See also
steamships immigration and,
165
,
173
–74
privilege and,
9
,
219
–20
Clay, Henry,
128
Clayton, John,
132
–33
clerks,
70
,
71
,
72
,
73
,
110
–12,
113
,
118
,
132
,
138
,
148
,
170
,
192
,
193
,
213
,
221
,
229
,
231
,
232
,
237
clothing
of immigrants,
167
,
168
,
171
,
174
,
289
n33
in photographs,
90
coat of arms, U.S.,
33
,
116
f
coins,
36
communism,
16
,
234
community(ies)
collective memory of,
6
,
96
local
vs
. national,
4
voter identification from,
6
,
76
–77,
96
,
276
n9
commuters, across borders,
197
–98,
207
–8
complaints
about fees,
222
–28
about passports,
33
,
61
–62,
87
,
217
,
228
–29
complexion,
64
,
133
confessional records, of parishes,
45
confidence men,
75
Constantinople,
129
,
135
,
137
consular certificates,
191
–92
consular stamps, counterfeit,
39
consul-generals,
153
–54
consuls, U.S.
See also specific countries
passport issuance by,
39
,
153
–54,
192
photographs and,
89
–90
registration with,
159
visas issued by,
29
,
30
f
,
31
f
,
187
,
190
–91
Cooks tourists,
225
copy books,
280
n27
correspondence.
See also
letters
diplomatic,
23
,
25
,
66
of State Department,
114
–15,
117
,
279
n18,
280
n19
counterfeit consular stamps and seals,
39
“counterfeit detectors,”
37
counterfeit money,
37
–38
courier passports,
263
n18
courtrooms.
See also
Supreme Court
handwriting authentication in,
7
,
56
–58
naturalization and,
103
photographs in,
85
,
90
credit cards,
38
credit reporting,
6
criminals
identification of,
68
–69,
72
–76,
182
–83,
216
,
231
,
242
–43
immigration of,
162
,
169
lists of names in Europe,
45
photographs of,
76
,
84
types,
76
,
84
criminology,
75
Curaçao,
89
currency,
22
,
37
,
38
.
See also
money
customs officials,
162
,
186
,
189
–90,
193
daguerreotypes,
82
–84
Darwinism,
77
databases,
17
,
249
Davis, James,
213
–14
death certificates,
105
declarant certificates (first papers),
129
–30,
281
n11
declaration of intent (declarants)
immigrants with,
127
–31,
266
n19
Koszta and,
135
–39
oath of allegiance as,
136
Department of Commerce,
189
Department of Commerce and Labor,
162
,
175
Department of Foreign Affairs,
26
Department of Justice,
189
,
200
Department of Labor,
189
,
203
,
211
Department of State.
See
State Department
Department of War and Navy,
189
departure permits,
187
–88,
203
deportment,
77
,
78
detective novels,
58
,
76
Detroit Philosophical Society,
235
Dickens, Charles,
5
digitalization of identity,
17
,
249
digital regime of verification,
17
digital surveillance,
246
diplomatic correspondence,
23
,
25
,
66
,
130
,
152
,
154
,
155
,
158
diplomatic or service passports,
263
n18
diplomats,
153
–54,
159
diseases, immigrants and,
161
,
162
–63,
165
–67,
169
,
289
n33
distinguishing marks,
66
,
78
,
79
,
81
Division of Passport Control,
111
,
227
,
229
.
See also
Passport Division
Bureau of Citizenship renamed as,
193
on passport fraud,
38
documentary regime of verification,
10
–11,
68
,
103
–5,
183
,
198
,
211
,
212
acceptance of,
120
,
240
for aliens,
212
Chinese Exclusion Acts as,
118
–19
development of,
17
,
138
–39
limited utility of passports at border and,
180
new conception of passport within,
189
,
247
–48
reputation and privilege
vs
.,
233
,
235
BOOK: The Passport in America: The History of a Document
6.44Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

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