The Passport in America: The History of a Document (68 page)

citizenship of women contingent on father,
93
,
95
,
276
n4

citizenship through naturalization of husband or,
103

McKenzie’s application for mother’s passport,
92
–93,
95
,
103
,
108

persons born in U.S. of foreign-born,
192

signatures by guardian or,
55

passport(s).
See also specific types

additions to,
23

in advertising,
40
,
41
f
,
42
,
42
f
,
248

binding techniques,
39

booklet form,
38
,
66

citizens carrying them as messengers
vs
. owners,
23

complaints about,
33
,
61
–62,
87
,
217
,
228
–29

confiscation of,
188

definition of,
144
,
147

as document of recognition,
29

duration of validity of,
152
,
154
,
192
,
225
,
226
,
227

early,
3
,
14
,
15
,
25

(1884),
34
f

(1854),
67
f

(1895),
35
f

fees for,
223
–27,
301
n65

first/oldest known U.S.,
266
n12

functions of,
2
–3,
11
,
13
,
14
–15,
18
,
23
,
125
–26,
247

important dates in history of U.S.,
253
–59

paper used in,
39
,
195

as political document,
125

requirements for,
2
,
7
,
44
,
142
,
187
,
271
n24,
282
n13

requirement to carry,
13
,
16
,
49
,
64
,
68
,
72
,
150
,
180
,
186
,
190
,
202
–3,
208
,
250

restrictions to various groups,
194

salutation text on,
23

as security for payment of debt,
23

standardization of,
38
–39,
61
–63,
79
,
110
,
218
,
220

surrender of unexpired passports to

customs officials,
193
text of,
23
,
133

types of,
263
n18

vs
. official looking papers,
29

passport agencies,
102
,
193
,
277
n21,
293
n41,
301
n69

Passport Bureau,
111
,
115

passport control.
See also
border control; border patrol

at land borders,
197
–98,
202
,
206
–12

outside of U.S.,
191
–97

WWI and,
185
–97

Passport Control Act of 1918,
187
,
190
,
197

revocation of,
203

Passport Division,
40
,
102
,
111
,
228
.
See also
Bureau of Citizenship, Division of Passport Control

passport employees,
197

passport “factories”/passport “mills,”
39
,
206

passport issuance.
See also
State Department;
specific agencies/groups/individuals

by consuls,
39
,
153
–54,
192

discretionary,
151
,
155
–58,
232

to families,
156
–57

in foreign countries,
26
,
28
–29,
28
f
,
39
,
65
,
129
–31,
142
,
143
–45,
157
–58,
206

by governors,
26
,
149
–50

halted, without signatures,
59

to noncitizens,
16
,
127
,
129
,
142

people authorized for,
131
,
149

system for,
127

in Washington, D.C. (1808),
26
,
27
f

during WWI,
50
,
184
–85

passport nuisance,
2
–3,
10
,
215
–44,
246
,
250

bureaucracy and,
235
–36,
240

definition of,
216

disappearance of,
239
–44

Europe and,
215
,
217
–26

gender and,
236
–39

privacy and,
228
–29,
236
–39

respectability and,
217
,
228
–36

travel and,
215
–28

passport regime,
218
–20

“Passport to the World of News,”
40
,
41
f

personal knowledge.
See also
relationships

documents
vs.,
197

identification through,
5
,
6
,
7
,
17
,
56
–57,
97
,
108
,
278
n36

identification without,
58

techniques associated with,
37

personal names.
See
names

persons of color,
143
.
See also
African Americans

certificate issued to freed,
145
,
146
f
,
147

Philip II (king of Spain),
14

photographs,
80
–91

adding, to passports without them,
80

altering or substituting,
79
,
80

attaching, with metal clips,
39

authority of,
85
–86

of celebrities,
87
–88

of Chinese immigrants,
86
–87,
176
,
181

clothing in,
90

consuls and,
89
–90

cost of,
89

in courtrooms,
85
,
90

of criminals,
76
,
84

distortion of,
82
,
87
–88

family and group,
89

on fraudulent passports,
195

as illustrative evidence,
85

introduction of,
33
,
36
,
55
,
80

legends across,
80
–81

as “likeness,”
82
–83,
91

new, after two years,
89
–90

objectivity of,
82
,
84
–85,
90
,
91

as portraits,
82
–84,
86
,
87
,
89

pose in,
9
–10,
86
,
88
,
89

posture and expression in,
83

reliability of,
82
,
84
–85

requirements for,
80
–81,
86
,
88
–90

seals on,
36
,
80

signatures on back of,
81

standardization of,
9
–10,
82
,
88
–89

submitting different,
91

of suspect populations,
10
,
88

photography

in Bertillonage system,
73

digital,
17

history of,
82
–83

phrenology,
73
,
75
,
76

PHS.
See
Public Health Service

physical appearance.
See also
bodies

changes in,
71

character and,
75
,
83

of Chinese immigrants,
172
–74,
176

documents
vs
.,
168
,
185
,
206
,
207
,
208

as evidence,
6
,
43
–44,
102

“true” essential identity from,
12
,
160

physical description,
15
,
64
–79

age in,
69
,
71

on applications,
98
,
193

distinguishing marks,
66
,
78
,
79
,
81

fraudulent passports and,
66
,
68

identity and,
65
,
66
,
71

objectivity and,
70
,
72
,
74
,
79