Confronting the Colonies (43 page)

119.
‘Note from Barton to Watson', 3 August 1956, CO1035/24; ‘Note from Barton to Watson', 7 August 1956, CO1035/24.

120.
‘The Present Potential of EOKA as an Armed Force', 22 September 1956,
CIC(56)25, FO371/123930; ‘The Situation which might arise in the Middle East at the Conclusion of the Suez Conference', 17 September, 1956, JIC/2311/56, CO1035/24.

121.
‘Note from Barton to West [JIC Secretary]', 17 August 1956, CO1035/24.

122.
Cradock,
Know your enemy
, p. 133.

123.
Bennett, ‘Suez and the threat to UK interests overseas', p. 212.

124.
‘The Threat to United Kingdom Interests Overseas', JIC(56)104 18 October 1956, CAB 158/26.

125.
‘Probable Actions by Nasser in Certain Circumstances', JIC(56)97, 11 October 1956, CAB 158/25.

126.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 311.

127.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 15 November 1956, CAB179/1.

128.
‘JIC Minutes', 26 February 1957, JIC(57)21st Meeting, CAB159/26.

1.
Turner, John,
Macmillan
, Essex: Longman, 1994, p. 177.

2.
‘DOP Minutes', 28 February 1964, DO(64)11th Meeting, CAB148/1.

3.
Walker, Jonathan, ‘“Red wolves and British lions”: the conflict in Aden', in Marston D. and Malkasian, C. (eds.),
Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare
, Oxford: Osprey, 2008, p. 149; Fain, W. Taylor, ‘“Unfortunate Arabia”: The United States, Great Britain and Yemen, 1955–63',
Diplomacy and Statecraft
, 12/2, 2001, pp. 126, 131, 135.

4.
Ducker, John, ‘Historical and constitutional background' in Hinchcliffe, P., Ducker, J. and Holt, M. (eds.),
Without Glory in Arabia: The British Retreat from Aden
, London: IB Taurus, 2006, p. 54.

5.
Barnett, Michael and Levy, Jack, ‘Domestic sources of alliance and alignments: the case of Egypt, 1962–73',
International Organization
, 45/3, 1991, p. 379; Witty, David, ‘A regular army in counterinsurgency operations: Egypt in North Yemen, 1962–1967',
Journal of Military
History, 65/2, 2001, p. 405; Balfour-Paul, Glenn,
End of Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Relinquishment of Power in her Last Three Arab Dependencies
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 5; Ducker, John, ‘The international context of South Arabia and British Policy', in Hinchcliffe, P., Ducker, J. and Holt, M. (eds.),
Without Glory in Arabia: The British Retreat from Aden
, London: IB Taurus, 2006, p. 60; Walker, ‘Red wolves and British lions', p. 158.

6.
Healey, Denis,
The Time of My Life
, London: Penguin, 1989, p. 284; Dockrill, Saki, ‘Review of
British policy in Aden and the Protectorates, 1955–67: Last Outpost of a Middle East Empire
by Spencer Mawby',
English Historical Review
CXXIII/502, 2008, p. 809; Smith, Simon, ‘Revolution and reaction: South
Arabia and the aftermath of the Yemeni revolution',
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 28/3 2000, p. 203.

7.
Johnson, Gaynor, ‘Introduction: The Foreign Office and British Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century', in Johnson, G. (ed.),
The Foreign Office and British Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century
, Oxford: Routledge, 2005, p. 5.

8.
Note from Joy (JIC Secretariat) to Burrows (JIC Chairman), 20 October 1964, CAB163/50.

9.
Uttley, Matthew, ‘The management of UK defence', in Croft S., et al (eds.),
Britain and Defence 1945–2000: A Policy Re-evaluation
, Essex: Pearson, 2001, p. 90; For more information see, Carver, Michael,
Tightrope Walking: British Defence Policy Since 1945
, London: Hutchinson, 1992, pp. 68–70; McIntosh, Malcolm,
Managing Britain's Defence
, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990, pp. 20–2.

10.
Kenneth, Keith, ‘Strong, Sir Kenneth William Dobson, (1900–1982)',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, 2006,
www.oxforddnm.com/view/article/31731
.

11.
Anon. ‘Sir Bernard Burrows',
The Daily Telegraph
, 14 May 2002,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1394093/Sir-Bernard-Burrows.html
.

12.
Ure, John, ‘Greenhill, Denis Arthur, Baron Greenhill of Harrow (1913–2000)',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, 2004,
www.oxforddnb.com.view/article/74883
.

13.
Herman, Michael, ‘“The customer is king”: intelligence requirements in Britain', in Johnson, L. (ed.),
Strategic Intelligence, Volume Two
, Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, p. 175.

14.
Cradock, Percy,
Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World
, London: John Murray, 2002, p. 264; See also ‘Personnel Administration: Reorganisation of the Joint Intelligence Staff and Domestic Arrangements', October 1964, CAB163/130.

15.
Cradock,
Know Your Enemy
, pp. 263–4; ‘JIC Minutes', 28 January 1965, JIC(65)4th Meeting, CAB159/43; ‘JIC Minutes', 11 February 1965, JIC(65)6th Meeting, CAB159/43; ‘JIC Minutes', 15 December 1966, JIC(66)51st Meeting, CAB159/46; JIC Minutes', 2 December 1965, JIC(65)51st Meeting, CAB159/44; Davies, Philip,
Intelligence and government in Britain and the United States, Vol. 2, Evolution of the U.K. intelligence community
, California: Praeger, 2013, p. 41.

16.
‘JIC Minutes', 10 April 1963, JIC(63)17th Meeting, CAB159/39.

17.
Draft note from C.S. Roberts to P. Beagley (Treasury), November 1965, CO1035/82.

18.
‘JIC Minutes', 25 June 1959, JIC(59)41st Meeting CAB159/32; ‘JIC Minutes', 23 April 1964, JIC(64)21st Meeting, CAB 159/40; ‘JIC Minutes', 7 May 1964, JIC(64)23rd Meeting, CAB159/40; Burrows, Bernard,
Diplomat in a Changing World
, Durham: The Memoir Club, 2001, p. 151.

19.
See for example, ‘Chiefs of Staff Minutes', 11 February 1964, Chiefs of Staff(64)11th Meeting, DEFE11/423; ‘Recommendations of the Working Party—Note by the Chairman', 26 May 1964, JIC(I.O.)(M.E.)(W.P.)641, CAB182/49; ‘Intelligence Organisation (Middle East), 30 July 1964, JIC(64)51, CAB158/53; ‘Defence and Oversea Policy Committee Minutes', 14 May 1964, DO(64) 23rd Meeting, CAB148/1.

20.
Paget, Julian,
Last Post: Aden, 1964–1967
, London: Faber and Faber, 1969, pp. 149, 128; Jones, Clive,
Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–65
, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2004, p. 187.

21.
‘Intelligence—Middle East Command', 17 March 1964, JIC(64)29, CAB158/52; ‘Draft telegram from Burrows to Chairman JIC(ME): Annex B to JIC/211/64', February 1964, CO1035/160.

22.
Burrows,
Diplomat in a Changing World
, p. 151.

23.
‘JIC Minutes', 14 May 1964, JIC(64)26th Meeting, CAB159/41; ‘JIC Minutes', 21 May 1964, JIC(64)27th Meeting, CAB159/41.

24.
‘JIC Minutes', 30 July 1964, JIC(64)39th Meeting, CAB159/41; ‘Recommendations of the Working Party: Note by the Chairman, Annex B: Chief of Intelligence', 26 May 1964, JIC(I.O.)(M.E.(W.P.)(64)1, CAB182/49.

25.
‘JIC Minutes', 17 December 1964, JIC(64)61st Meeting, CAB159/42.

26.
‘JIC Minutes', 28 January 1965, JIC(65)4th Meeting, CAB159/43.

27.
French, David,
The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–67
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 31.

28.
‘Intelligence Organisation (Middle East), 30 July 1964, JIC(64)51, CAB158/53.

29.
‘Colonial Office Contribution to JIC(64)64', Note from J. Higham (CO) to the JIC Secretariat, 31 July 1964, CO1035/49.

30.
Undated Message from C-in-C(ME) to the Cabinet Office, summer 1964, CO1035/149.

31.
Quoted in Andrew, Christopher,
The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5
, Allen Lane: London, 2009, p. 475.

32.
French,
The British Way in Counter-Insurgency
, p. 30.

33.
Jones,
Britain and the Yemen Civil War
, p. 170.

34.
‘JIC Minutes', 6 August 1964, JIC(64)40th Meeting, CAB159/41.

35.
‘JIC Minutes', 27 August 1964, JIC(64)43rd Meeting, CAB159/42.

36.
Jones,
Britain and the Yemen Civil War
, p. 170.

37.
‘JIC Minutes', 6 August 1964, JIC(64)40th Meeting, CAB159/41.

38.
‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation', 17 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, CAB182/54.

39.
‘Progress Report on Implementation of Recommendations by the JIC for Improving the Intelligence Organisation in Aden', undated but attached to a note from D. Russell (CO), 20 November 1964, ISD/65/2/04, CO1035/182.

40.
‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden, Annex: Report on Visit to Aden by DMSI [Director of Management and Support of Intelligence]', 25 November 1965, CO1035/183.

41.
‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden after Independence', 2 February 1965, JIC(65)13(Terms of Reference), CO1035/86; ‘Intelligence Organisation in the Middle East: Confidential Annex to JIC(65)50th Meeting', 25 November 1965, CO1035/183.

42.
‘JIC Minutes', 6 January 1966, JIC(66)1st Meeting, CAB159/45.

43.
Colonial Secretary to R. Turnbull, ‘Organisation of Intelligence', 21 September 1965, CO1035/79; Colonial Secretary to D. Trench (Governor, Hong Kong), 27 September 1965, CO1035/79; C.S. Roberts (Colonial Office) to Lord Beswick (Colonia Office), 1 December 1965, CO1035/180.

44.
See for example, ‘Extract from JIC(64)45th Meeting Minutes—10–9–64', CO1035/78; ‘Extract from JIC(65)1st Meeting Minutes 7.1.65', ISD65/2/01, CO1035/78.

45.
Blaikley (CO) to Turnbull (Aden), 1 September 1965, ISD65/2/64, CO1035/183.

46.
C.S. Roberts (Colonial Office) to R.L. Sharp (Treasury), 13 January 1965, CO1035/78; B. Burrows to J.G. Owen (Treasury), 26 January 1965, CO1035/78; Sharp to Higham (Colonial Office), 1 March 1965, CO10 35/78.

47.
‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation Working Party', 17 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, CAB182/54; See also Jones,
Britain and the Yemen Civil War
, p. 186.

48.
‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation', 17 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, CAB182/54; ‘JIC Working Party on Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation Minutes', 21 December 1965, JIC(IAF) (65)1st Meeting, CAB182/54; ‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation', 17 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, CAB182/54.

49.
‘JIC Working Party on Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation Minutes', 21 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)1st Meeting, CAB182/54; ‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation', 17 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, CAB182/54.

50.
‘JIC Minutes', 6 January 1966, JIC(66)1st Meeting, CAB159/45.

51.
‘JIC Working Party on Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation Minutes', 21 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)1st Meeting, CAB182/54; ‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation', 17 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, CAB182/54; ‘JIC Working Party on Intelligence in Aden and the Federation', 22 April 1966, JIC(IAF)66 1st Meeting, CAB182/55.

52.
‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden and the Federation', 17 December 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, CAB182/54.

53.
‘The Outlook for the Persian Gulf and South Arabia up to the end of 1968', 25 May 1966, JIC(66)37, CAB158/63; ‘The Security Threat in South Arabia up to the Date of British Withdrawal, 29 December 1966, JIC(66)74, CAB158/64. This report was ultimately studied by Harold Wilson himself, who subsequently asked the DOP(O) committee to examine the problems which would arise in 1967, see ‘JIC Minutes', 2 February 1967, JIC(67)5th Meeting, CAB159/47; Paget,
Last Post
, p. 165.

54.
‘JIC Minutes, 13 July 1967, JIC(67)29th Meeting, CAB159/47; ‘Operations in South Arabia After Independence', Draft Foreign Office/Ministry of Defence Paper', 10 July 1967, DEFE24/570; ‘Liaison Staff' (Appendix 2 to Annex A to CINCFE33/67), 27 September 1967, DEFE24/571.

55.
JIC Minutes, 2 November 1967, JIC(67)49th Meeting, CAB159/47.

56.
Ferris, Jesse, ‘Soviet support for Egypt's intervention in Yemen, 1962–1963',
Journal of Cold War Studies
, 10/4, (2008), pp. 28–9. Ferris argues that Soviet military units, or elements thereof, directly participated in combat and were also involved in indirect aid to the Egyptian and Yemeni governments. This level of assistance decreased, however, with the Soviet Union advising Nasser to decrease his commitments in Yemen from 1966. See, Laron, Guy, ‘Stepping back from the third world: Soviet policy toward the United Arab Republic, 1965–1967',
Journal of Cold War Studies
, 12/4, (2010) pp. 108–10; Although the committee stopped short of concluding that Soviet personnel were involved in combat operations. ‘Implications of the Yemeni Revolt', 30 November 1962, JIC(62)90, CAB158/47; ‘Sino-Soviet Bloc Technical Assistance to the Underdeveloped Countries', 29 April 1960, JIC(60)32, CAB158/40; ‘The Outlook in Yemen, 19 May 1960, JIC(60)22, CAB 158/39; ‘Soviet Bloc and Chinese Penetration of the Middle East and Africa, 6 September 1963, JIC(63)62, CAB158/49; ‘Soviet Policy in the Middle East', 7 June 1966, JIC493/66, CAB163/71. Although the UAR, or political union between Egypt and Syria, lasted only from 1958 to 1961, Egypt continued to officially be known as the UAR until 1971.