Confronting the Colonies (41 page)

101.
Ovendale, Ritchie., ‘Britain and the Cold War in Asia', p. 125.

102.
‘Communist Influence in South and South-East Asia and the Far East', 8 March 1950, JIC(50)5 CAB158/9; ‘The Chinese Communist Threat in the Far East and South-East Asia on 4th January 1951', 5 January 1951, JIC(50)1/19 CAB158/9.

103.
‘Security of Malaya', 21 August 1951, JIC(51)57 CAB158/12.

104.
‘Scale of Attack on the Colonies', 22 March 1949, JIC(49)5 CAB158/6.

105.
Hatlebrekke Kjetil and Smith, M., ‘Towards a new theory of intelligence failure? The impact of cognitive closure and discourse failure',
Intelligence and National Security
, 25/2, (2010), p. 149, 156; See also Bar-Joseph, Uri, ‘Intelligence failure and the need for cognitive closure: the case of Yom Kippur', in Betts, Richard and Mahnken, Thomas (eds.),
Paradoxes of Strategic Intelligence: Essays in Honour of Michael I. Handel
, London: Frank Cass, 2003.

106.
Heuer, Richard,
Psychology of Intelligence Analysis
, Washington DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999, p. 36.

107.
Füredi,
Colonial Wars
, p. 101.

108.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell', 4 July 1950, KV4/472.

109.
Darwin,
The End of British
Empire, p. 91.

110.
‘Communist Intentions and Capabilities in South Asia, South-East Asia, and the Far East', JIC(51)84, 9 May 1952, CAB158/13.

111.
See for example, ‘The Political Situation in Malaya in Certain Eventualities', JIC(54)49, 5 July 1954, CAB158/18.

112.
‘JIC Minutes', 26 August 1949, JIC(49)84th Meeting CAB159/6. Incidentally, this meeting was chaired by Packard.

113.
‘JIC Minutes', 3 February 1950, JIC(50)13th Meeting CAB159/7.

114.
‘JIC Minutes', 3 February 1950, JIC(50)13th Meeting CAB159/7.

115.
‘Military situation in Malaya' 19 April 1950, Chiefs of Staff(50)132 DEFE5/20; ‘Strategic Implications of a Total break in Relations with China', 10 May 1950, JP(50)60 DEFE6/13; ‘Exclusion of Chinese Consuls from Malaya: letter from the Foreign Office to the Chiefs of Staff dated 28th April 1950', 1 May 1950, Chiefs of Staff(50)149 DEFE5/20.

116.
‘JIC Minutes', 18 August 1948, JIC(48)88th Meeting CAB159/4; ‘JIC Minutes', 13 October 1948, JIC(48)112th Meeting CAB159/4; ‘JIC Minutes', 13 October 1948, JIC(48)112th Meeting CAB159/4; Griffiths,
Pages from Memory
, pp. 97–8.

117.
Herman,
Intelligence Power
, p. 152.

118.
For examples see, ‘Chiefs of Staff Minutes', 14 April 1950, Chiefs of Staff(50)59th Meeting Annex: ‘Strategy and Current Defence Policy in South-East Asia and the Far East' JP(50)47 DEFE4/30; ‘Effects of Communist Successes in China', 6 January 1949, JIC(48)133 CAB158/9; Defence of South East Asia in the Event of Chinese Aggression', 1 May 1951, JIC(51)24 CAB158/12; ‘Strategy and Current Defence Policy in South-East Asia and the Far East', 6 April 1950, JP(50)47 DEFE6/12; Effect of Overt Chinese Communist Intervention in Korea and Elsewhere', 30 September 1950, JP(50)107 DEFE6/14.

119.
‘Chiefs of Staff Minutes', 9 May 1949, Chiefs of Staff(49)67th Meeting DEFE4/21 (emphasis added).

120.
Andrew,
Defence of the Realm
, p. 449; Aldrich
The Hidden Hand
, p. 501. However, progress was slow and bureaucratic rivalries and personal politics left intelligence in a mess until Templer arrived.

121.
‘Note of a Meeting Held on the 18th October 1948', 18 October 1948, CO537/2676.

122.
Andrew,
Defence of the Realm
, p. 449.

123.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell', 23 September 1949, KV4/471.

124.
‘Note of a Meeting Held on the 18th October 1948', 18 October 1948, CO537/2676; W. Dawson (CO) to R. Wood (MoD), 10 August 1948, CO537/2768; ‘Colonial Police Forces: Circular Despatch by A. Creech Jones', 5 August 1948, CO537/4306.

125.
‘Note of a Meeting Held on the 18th October 1948', 18 October 1948, CO537/2676; ‘Note of a Meeting Held in Sir Thomas Lloyd's Room', 2 November 1948, CO537/2675.

126.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 27 February 1948, JIC(48)21 CAB158/3.

127.
Herman, Michael,
Intelligence Services in the Information Age
, London: Frank Cass, 2002, pp. 119–25.

128.
‘Note of a Meeting Held on the 18th October 1948', 18 October 1948, CO537/2676.

129.
‘Chairman JIC(FE)', 27 May 1949, JIC/949/49 CAB176/22.

130.
‘Lessons on the Organisation of Intelligence in the Far East', 5 August 1948, JIC/1461/48 CAB176/19.

131.
‘Lessons on the Organisation of Intelligence in the Far East', 5 August 1948, JIC/1461/48 CAB176/19; ‘JIC Minutes', 22 September 1948, JIC(48)103rd Meeting CAB159/4; ‘BDCC(FE) Minutes', 16 July 1948, BDCC(FE) 8th Meeting, CO537/4246.

132.
N. Watson (CO) to R. Wood (MoD): Attachment, ‘Communist Infiltration and the Security Situation in the Colonies', 20 July 1948 CO537/2768.

133.
‘JIC Minutes', 13 August 1948, JIC(48)87th Meeting CAB159/4; ‘JIC Minutes', 3 September 1948, JIC(48)96th Meeting CAB159/4.

134.
‘Intelligence Organisation in the Far East—Comments on a Despatch by the High Commissioner for the Federation of Malaya, Annex: Comments by the JIC on Sir Henry Gurney's Despatch No. 5 Dated 30th May 1949', 20 October 1949, JIC(49)82 CAB158/8.

135.
‘Intelligence Organisation in the Far East—Comments on a Despatch by the High Commissioner for the Federation of Malaya, Annex: Comments by the JIC on Sir Henry Gurney's Despatch No. 5 Dated 30th May 1949', 20 October 1949, JIC(49)82 CAB158/8.

136.
‘Despatch no. 5 from Sir H. Gurney to Mr Creech Jones', 30 May 1949, CO537/4773.

137.
Nagl, John,
Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam
, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 71.

138.
French, David,
The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 21.

1.
Walton, Calder,
Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire
, London: Harper, 2013, p. 306.

2.
Holland, Robert,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954–1959
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, p. 61.

3.
Dimitrakis, Panagiotis,
Military Intelligence in Cyprus: From the Great War to the Middle East Crises
, London: IB Taurus, 2010, pp. 77,79; Hunt, David, ‘Harding, John, First Baron Harding of Petherton (1896–1989)',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, May 2008.
www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40129/40129?docPos=6
.

4.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 308.

5.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 313.

6.
French, David,
The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 48; Anderson, David, ‘Policing and communal conflict: the Cyprus emergency, 1954–60',
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 21/3, 1993, pp. 184–5.

7.
Anderson, ‘Policing and communal conflict', pp. 182, 190.

8.
Holland,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus
, p. 68; Anderson, ‘Policing and communal conflict', p. 192.

9.
Anderson, ‘Policing and communal conflict', p. 178; Aldrich, Richard,
The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence
, London: John Murray, 2001, p. 567; Ashton, Nigel, ‘Macmillan and the Middle East'
in Aldous, R. and Lee, S. (eds.),
Harold Macmillan and Britain's World Role
, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, p. 39.

10.
‘The Importance of Cyprus from the Point of View of Signal Intelligence', 25 June 1957, CY(0)(57)4, CAB134/1589; Aldrich, Richard,
GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency
, London: Harper Press, 2010, p. 155.

11.
‘Confidential Annex to DCC(57) 6th Meeting of 15 March, 1957, DEFE 28/11.

12.
Templer, G., ‘Report on Colonial Security', 23 April 1955, CAB21/2925. This report, based on a JIC appreciation, was influential and wide reaching. It was highly critical of intelligence organisation in Whitehall and argued for greater liaison between the JIC and the Colonial Office. For an introduction see Cormac, Rory, ‘Organizing intelligence: an introduction to the 1955 report on colonial security',
Intelligence and National Security
, 25/6, (2010), pp. 800–22; Cormac, Rory, ‘“A Whitehall showdown?”: Colonial Office-Joint Intelligence Committee relations in the Mid-1950s',
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 39/2, (2011), pp. 249–67.Cradock, Percy,
Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World
, London: John Murray, 2002, p. 262.

13.
Davies, P.,
Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States, Vol. 2, Evolution of the U.K. Intelligence Community
, California: Praeger,
2013
p. 153.

14.
Cradock,
Know Your Enemy
, p. 173; Campbell, Alan, ‘Dean, Sir Patrick Henry (1909–1994)',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, 2004.
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/54843
, last accessed 17 March 2011.

15.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 14 June 1956, JIC(56)71, CAB158/25; JIC Minutes, 11 August 1955, JIC (55) 63rd Meeting, CAB159/20; Davies, Philip,
Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States, Vol. 2, Evolution of the U.K. Intelligence Community
, California: Praeger, 2013, p. 148.

16.
JIC Minutes, 11 August 1955, JIC (55) 63rd Meeting, CAB159/20; Davies,
Evolution of the U.K. Intelligence Community
, p. 149.

17.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 16 November 1955, JIC(55)74, CAB158/22.

18.
‘Colonial Intelligence and Security', 23 March 1955, JIC(55)28, CAB158/20.

19.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 26 August 1955, JIC(55)57, CAB158/21 (emphasis added); ‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 27 February 1948, JIC(48)21, CAB158/3 (emphasis added).

20.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 26 August 1955, JIC(55)57,
CAB158/21; ‘History of the Joint Intelligence Organisation', 29 November 1957, JIC(57)123, CAB158/30.

21.
‘History of the Joint Intelligence Organisation', 29 November 1957, JIC(57)123, CAB158/30; ‘Notes on JIC Operational Procedure', 18 November 1957, JIC(57)76, CAB158/29.

22.
‘Note from Carstairs to Lloyd', 26 April 1956, CO1035/1; Cormac, ‘A Whitehall showdown?', pp. 249–67; Davies,
Evolution of the U.K. Intelligence Community
, p. 169.

23.
‘Note from Watson to Carstairs', 11 May 1956, CO1035/1.

24.
‘JIC Minutes', 31 October 1957, JIC(57)85th Meeting, CAB 159/28.

25.
Dimitrakis, Panagiotis, ‘British Intelligence and the Cyprus Insurgency, 1955–1959',
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
, 21/2, (2008), p. 376; Popplewell, Richard, ‘“Lacking intelligence”: Some reflections on recent approaches to British counterinsurgency, 1900–1960',
Intelligence and National Security
, 10/2, (1995), p. 350; Anderson, David, ‘Policing and communal conflict: the Cyprus Emergency, 1954–60', in Anderson and Killingray (eds.),
Policing and Decolonisation: Nationalism, Politics and the Police, 1917–65
, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992; Hoffman, Bruce, and Taw, Jennifer,
The Development of Britain's “Small Wars”Doctrine during the 1950s
, California: Rand, 1991, p.v; ‘Organisation of Intelligence in Cyprus', 21 August 1954, CO1035/98.

26.
Aldrich,
The Hidden Hand
, p. 579.

27.
Quoted in Anderson, ‘Policing and communal conflict', p. 183.

28.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 26 August 1955, JIC(55)57, CAB158/21.

29.
‘Colonial Intelligence and Security', 23 March 1955, JIC(55)28, CAB158/20; ‘JIC Minutes', 1 December 1955, JIC(55)93rd Meeting, CAB 159/21; ‘JIC Minutes', 10 May 1956, JIC(56)44th Meeting, CAB159/23.

30.
‘Notes on JIC Operational Procedure', 18 November 1957, JIC(57)76, CAB158/29.

31.
Walton, Calder, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security, c.1941–1951', PhD thesis: University of Cambridge, 2006, pp. 280, 277; Andrew, Christopher,
The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5
, London: Allen Lane, 2009, p. 458.

32.
Andrew,
Defence of the Realm
, pp. 447, 456

33.
Dimitrakis, ‘British Intelligence', p. 379; Andrew,
Defence of the Realm
, pp. 462–6; Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 307.

34.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 309.

35.
‘Report on the Visit of DMI and Mr Dean to Cyprus', October 1955, WO216/889; Dimitrakis,
Military Intelligence in Cyprus
, pp. 74, 76.

36.
Macmillan, Harold,
Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955
, London: Macmillan, 1969, p. 664.

37.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 308.