Confronting the Colonies (42 page)

38.
Herman, Michael,
Intelligence Services in the Information Age: Theory and Practice
, London: Frank Cass, 2001, p. 112.

39.
‘Intelligence Organisation in the Colonial Territories', 8 November 1957, JIC(57)115, CAB158/30.

40.
Jeffries, Charles,
The Colonial Office
, London: George Allen and Unwin ltd., 1956, p. 179.

41.
‘Report on the Visit of DMI and Mr Dean to Cyprus', October 1955, WO216/889.

42.
Andrew,
Defence of the Realm
, p. 463.

43.
‘JIC Minutes', 12 January 1956, JIC(56)5th Meeting, CAB159/22.

44.
‘JIC Minutes', 15 February 1956, JIC(56)17th Meeting, CAB159/22; ‘JIC Minutes', 26 April 1956, JIC(56)29th Meeting, CAB159/23; ‘Greek Speaking Interrogators for Cyprus', 20July 1956, Chiefs of Staff (56) 279, DEFE 5/70; ‘JIC Minutes', 6 December 1956, JIC(56)117th Meeting, CAB159/25; ‘JIC Minutes', 19 December 1956, JIC(56)123rd Meeting, CAB159/25.

45.
Aldrich,
The Hidden Hand
, p. 570.

46.
Holland, Robert, ‘Never, never land: British Colonial policy and the roots of violence in Cyprus, 1950–54',
The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 21/3, (1993), p. 148.

47.
Dimitrakis,
Military Intelligence in Cyprus
, p. 74.

48.
‘History of the Joint Intelligence Organisation', 29 November 1957, JIC(57)123, CAB158/30.

49.
‘Cyprus', 7 July 1955, Chiefs of Staff(55)153, DEFE5/59.

50.
‘JIC Minutes', 13 May 1954, JIC(54)43rd Meeting, CAB159/15.

51.
‘JIC Minutes, Appendix: Review of Current Intelligence as at 26th August 1954, Annex IV: Colonial Territories', 26 August 1954, JIC(54)76th Meeting, CAB159/16; ‘JIC Minutes', 3 December 1954, JIC(54)110th Meeting, CAB159/17.

52.
‘JIC Minutes', 27 January 1955, JIC(55)10th Meeting, CAB159/20.

53.
‘Colonial Intelligence and Security', 23 March 1955, JIC(55)28, CAB158/20.

54.
‘JIC Minutes', 6 April 1955, JIC(55)30th Meeting, CAB159/18; ‘JIC Minutes, Annex IV: Incidents in Cyprus, a Note by the Colonial Office', 6 April 1955, JIC(55)30th Meeting, CAB159/18.

55.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 308.

56.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 307.

57.
Allison, Graham and Zelikow, Philip,
Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis
, 2nd ed., New York: Longman, 1999, p. 280.

58.
Dimitrakis,
Military Intelligence in Cyprus
, pp. 67, 69.

59.
‘JIC Minutes: Annex IV Colonial Territories', 24 June 1954, JIC(54)55th Meeting, CAB159/16.

60.
Allison and Zelikow,
Essence of Decision
, p. 282.

61.
‘JIC Minutes', 24 February 1955, JIC(55)18th Meeting, CAB159/20; ‘Colonial Intelligence and Security, Part II: Communist Aims as Regards the Colonies, Appendix B: Cyprus', 23 March 1955, JIC(55)28, CAB158/20.

62.
‘Colonial Intelligence and Security, Part II: Communist Aims as Regards the Colonies', 23 March 1955, JIC(55)28, CAB158/20.

63.
Pillar, Paul, ‘The Perils of Politicisation', in Johnson, L. (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 483.

64.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 308.

65.
Holland,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus
, p. 55.

66.
‘JIC Minutes', 6 April 1955, JIC(55)30th Meeting, CAB159/18; ‘JIC Minutes: Annex IV, Incidents in Cyprus', 6 April 1955, JIC(55)30th Meeting, CAB159/18.

67.
‘JIC Minutes', 29 September 1955, JIC(55)79th Meeting, CAB159/21; ‘Interim Intelligence Report dated 6 September 1955', 9 September 1955, FO371/117657.

68.
Telegram from the Governor to the Colonial Secretary no. 1227, 11 December 1955, FO371/117677.

69.
‘Minutes of Meeting to Discuss IRD Material and the Colonies', 30 November 1955, FO1110/845; Reddaway, G., ‘Communism and the colonies', 22 May 1956, FO 1110/957.

70.
‘Review of Current Intelligence', 4 October 1956, CAB179/1; ‘Review of Current Intelligence', 6 December 1956, CAB179/1.

71.
‘JIC Minutes, Annex I: Review of Current Intelligence', 12 April 1956, CAB159/23; ‘Review of Current Intelligence', 13 September 1956, CAB179/1; ‘Review of Current Intelligence', 27 September 1956, CAB179/1.

72.
‘Survey of World Communism in 1955', 20 April 1956, JIC(56)10, CAB158/23.

73.
‘The Situation in Cyprus', 28 April 1958, JIC(58)39, CAB158/32.

74.
‘JIC Minutes', 13 October 1955, JIC(55)82nd Meeting, CAB159/21.

75.
‘JIC Minutes', 23 February 1956, JIC(56)19th Meeting, CAB169/22; ‘JIC Minutes', 10 May 1956, JIC(56)44th Meeting, CAB159/23; ‘Form of the Weekly Review of Current Intelligence and Weekly Survey of Intelligence: Note by the Secretary', September 1957, JIC/1947/57, CAB 158/62; ‘Form of the Weekly Survey of Intelligence Annex B: Weekly Survey of Intelligence Distribution', 23 May 1956, JIC/1353/56, CAB 176/57; ‘Form of the Weekly Survey of Intelligence Annex A: Weekly Review of Current Intelligence Distribution', 23 May 1956, JIC/1353/56, CAB176/57.

76.
‘JIC Minutes', 3 October 1957, JIC(57)85th Meeting, CAB159/28.

77.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 27 September 1956, CAB179/1; and ‘Telegram from the Governor to Secretary of State for the Colonies', 22 September 1956, FO371/12390.

78.
For more information see Cormac, ‘A Whitehall showdown?'

79.
‘JIC Minutes', 6 February 1958, JIC(58)11th Meeting, CAB159/29.

80.
Dimitrakis,
Military Intelligence Cyprus
, p. 89.

81.
‘The Situation in Cyprus', 28 April 1958, JIC(58)39, CAB158/32.

82.
Murphy, Philip,
Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography
, London: IB Taurus, 1999, p. 170.

83.
‘JIC Minutes', 8 January 1959, JIC(59)4th Meeting, CAB159/31.

84.
Holland,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus
, pp. 305–7. The Lancaster House Agreement established an independent Cyprus republic with a Greek president, a Turkish vice president and a House of Representatives with 70 per cent Greek and 30 per cent Turkish membership, the proportions reflecting the relative size of the two communities.

85.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 24 February 1959, CAB179/6.

86.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 30 June 1959, CAB179/6.

87.
Horne, Alistair,
Macmillan 1957–1986, Volume II of the Official Biography
, London: Macmillan, 1989, p. 99; Holland,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus
, p. 58; Macmillan,
Tides of Fortune
, p. 672; see also Macmillan,
Riding the Storm
,
1956–1959
, London: Macmillan, 1971, p. 662; and Markides, Diana, ‘Britain's “New Look” policy for Cyprus and the Makarios-Harding talks, January 1955–March 1956',
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 23/3, 1995, p. 485, which discusses how Macmillan brought Turkey in as an officially interested party.

88.
Murphy,
Alan Lennox-Boyd
, p. 115; See also Thurston, Anne, ‘Records of the Cabinet, Foreign Office, Treasury and other records',
Sources for Colonial Studies in the Public Records Office Series C Vol. 2
, London: The Stationery Office, 1998, pp. 279–80.

89.
‘History of the Joint Intelligence Organisation', 29 November 1957, JIC(57)123, CAB158/30.

90.
‘Review of the Cyprus Problem', 12 July 1955, Chiefs of Staff(55)159, DEFE5/59.

91.
‘Ministerial Committee on Cyprus Minutes', 21 July 1955, GEN.497/2nd Meeting, CAB130/109. The Ministerial Committee on Cyprus was chaired by the Minister of Defence Selwyn Lloyd and was composed of the Colonial Secretary, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations. Harold Macmillan, Foreign Secretary, also chaired one meeting and was joined by the Minister of State for Colonial Affairs and the Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Defence (as well
as JIC chair Patrick Dean when discussing a topic which has since been redacted). The committee appears to be an ad hoc ministerial committee established in spring 1955 to allow interdepartmental coordination. It was reconstituted at the request of Cabinet Secretary Norman Brook in spring 1959. The later version, however, was chaired by the prime minister. ‘Cyprus', Note from Brook, N. to the prime minister, 14 April 1959, CAB21/4268. An Official Committee on Cyprus was also created in 1957, chaired by Norman Brook. ‘Composition and Terms of Reference', C.Y.(O)(57)1, 4 April 1957, CAB21/4267.

92.
‘Assessment of the Air Threat to Cyprus in Conditions of Limited and Global War', 17 January 1957, JIC(56)134, CAB158/26; ‘Cyprus: Possibility of Atomic Attack', JIC(54)12, 16 February 1954, CAB158/17; ‘Threat to Allied Forces in the Eastern Mediterranean from Aircraft Provided by the Soviet Union', 27 November 1956, JIC(56)118, CAB158/26.

93.
‘Chiefs of Staff Minutes', 12 November 1956, Chiefs of Staff(56)116th Meeting 1956, DEFE4/92.

94.
Note from Watson to Carstairs, 11 May 1956, CO1035/1; ‘Committee on Security in the Colonies Brief', April 1956, CO1035/1; See Cormac, ‘A Whitehall showdown?'.

95.
Committee on Security in the Colonies Brief', April 1956, CO1035/1; ‘JIC minutes', 28 March 1956, JIC(56)32nd Meeting, CAB 159/23; ‘JIC minutes', 21 November 1957, JIC(57)99th Meeting, CAB159/28.

96.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 7 October 1958, CAB179/5.

97.
Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis, ‘The Cyprus Question and the Anglo-American Special Relationship, 1954–58' in Aldrich, R. and Hopkins, M. (eds.),
Intelligence, Defence and Diplomacy: British Policy in the Post-War World
, Essex: Frank Cass, 1994, p. 149; ‘Cyprus: Need for Action', 27 June 1955, GEN 497/2, PREM11/832; ‘JIC Minutes: Annex II, Review of Current Intelligence', 22 September 1955, JIC(55)75th Meeting, CAB159/20; ‘The Economic and Political Situation in Turkey', 23 March 1956, JIC(55)78, CAB158/22.

98.
‘JIC Minutes', 2 August 1956, JIC(56)65th Meeting, CAB159/24.

99.
‘Chiefs of Staff Minutes', 6 March 1956, Chiefs of Staff(56)29th Meeting, DEFE4/84; for a discussion of the negotiations between Harding and Makarios see Markides, ‘Britain's “New Look” Policy for Cyprus', pp. 479–501.

100.
‘JIC Minutes', 2 August 1956, JIC(56)65th Meeting, CAB159/24.

101.
Holland,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus
, p. 46.

102.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 21 October 1958, CAB179/5; ‘JIC Minutes: Annex III, Cyprus', 22 September 1955, JIC(55)75th Meeting, CAB159/20.

103.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 22 November 1956, CAB179/1; see also Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 18 October 1956, CAB179/1; ‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 14 February 1957, CAB179/2; ‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 7 March 1957, CAB179/2.

104.
‘Weekly Review of Current Intelligence', 2 December 1958, CAB179/5.

105.
‘JIC Minutes', 3 November 1955, JIC(55)88th Meeting, CAB159/21; ‘JIC Minutes', 24 November 1955, JIC(55)92nd Meeting, CAB159/21.

106.
‘JIC Minutes', 3 November 1955, JIC(55)88th Meeting, CAB159/21.

107.
‘JIC Minutes', 3 November 1955, JIC(55)88th Meeting, CAB159/21.

108.
‘JIC Minutes', 24 November 1955, JIC(55)92nd Meeting, CAB159/21.

109.
Cradock,
Know Your Enemy
; Gill Bennett, ‘Suez and the threat to UK interests overseas', in Dover, R. and Goodman, M. (eds.),
Learning from the Secret Past: Cases in British Intelligence History
, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2011; Craig, Anthony. ‘The Joint Intelligence Committee and British Intelligence Assessment 1945–1956', PhD thesis: University of Cambridge, 1999; Scott Lucas, W., ‘The missing link? Patrick Dean, Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee', in Gorst, A. and Kelly, S. (eds.),
Whitehall and the Suez Crisis
, Oxon: Frank Cass, 2000. It is also covered within the Suez literature. See Kyle, Keith,
Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East
, London: IB Taurus, 2011, pp. 552–3, 563.

110.
Holland,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus
, p. 158; ‘Telegram from Harding to Lennox-Boyd', 6 October 1956, PREM11/1756.

111.
‘JIC Minutes: Annex, Review of Current Intelligence', 28 March 1956, JIC(56)32nd Meeting, CAB159/23.

112.
‘The Activities of Cairo Radio and their Impact on Territories Towards which they are Directed', 10 August 1956, JIC(56)78, CAB158/25.

113.
‘The Situation which might arise in the Middle East at the Conclusion of the Suez Canal Conference', 25 August 1956, JIC(56)93, CAB158/25.

114.
‘The Situation which might arise in the Middle East at the Conclusion of the Suez Canal Conference', 25 August 1956, JIC(56)93, CAB158/25.

115.
‘JIC Minutes, Annex: The Situation which might arise in the Middle East at the Conclusion of the Suez Canal Conference', 16 August 1956, JIC(56)72nd Meeting, CAB159/24.

116.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell, 21 September 1949, KV4/471.

117.
‘Note from Barton to Watson', 1 August 1956, CO1035/24.

118.
For example see, ‘Censorship', 5 October 1956, JIC(56)103, CAB158/26.