Can't Stop Won't Stop (80 page)

  
3.
Michael A. Steargman,
The Dynamics of Rental Housing in New York City
(Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Center for Urban Policy Research, 1982), 51, 54, 147.

  
4.
Richie Perez, “Committee Against Fort Apache: The Bronx Mobilizes Against Multinational Media,” in
Cultures in Contention,
ed. Douglas Kahn and Diane Neumaier (Seattle: Real Comet Press, 1985), 195. Photo by Jerry Kearns.

  
5.
See the cover of her 1985
Island Life
compilation for an idea of what her bowling form might have looked like!

  
6.
Elizabeth Hess, “Graffiti R.I.P.: How The Art World Loved ‘Em and Left ‘Em,”
Village Voice
(December 22, 1987), 41.

  
7.
Michael Small, “When Graffiti Paintings Sell for Thousands, the Art World Sees the Writing on the Wall,”
People
(August 22, 1983), 50.

  
8.
Ibid., 52.

  
9.
Michael Hill, “The Clash at the Clampdown,”
Village Voice
(June 10–16, 1981), 74.

10.
Robert Christgau, “Magnificent Seven,”
Village Voice
(November 2, 1982), 59.

11.
Sally Banes, “To the Beat Y'all: Breaking Is Hard to Do,”
Village Voice
(April 22–28, 1981), 31.

12.
Ibid.

13.
From the notes of Martha Cooper.

14.
This is the battle scene featured in
Style Wars
.

15.
From an article proposal by Sally Banes and Martha Cooper, “Breaking: From the Bronx to Shinjuku” (undated, probably 1983); from the files of Martha Cooper. (Note: They eventually did get a piece in
Folklife Annual
[1986], 8–21.)

16.
From a book proposal by Sally Banes and Martha Cooper, “Rapping, Writing and Rocking: Street Style in New York” (undated, probably 1983); from the files of Martha Cooper.

17.
Henry Chalfant, “Making Style Wars,”
SVA Newsletter
(Spring 1987), 16.

18.
Lloyd Sachs. “A Hard Sell; Malcolm McLaren's Square Dancing Music,”
Playboy
(October 1983), 24.

19.
Susan Orlean, “Profiles: Living Large,”
New Yorker
(June 17, 1991), 44.

9. 1982: Rapture In Reagan's America.

  
1.
Mel Rosenthal,
In the South Bronx of America
(Willimantic, Conn.: Curbstone, 2000),49.

  
2.
Gary Jardim, “The Great Facilitator,”
Village Voice
(October 2, 1984), 63.

  
3.
The other point it would share with “Rapper's Delight” was that it, too, became the target of litigation for publishing royalties.

  
4.
Robert Elms, “Nightclubbing,”
The Face One Hundred
(date unknown), 37; from the files of Kool Lady Blue.

  
5.
Chi Chi Valenti, “Out of the Blue,”
Village Voice
(date unknown, probably late 1980s); from the files of Kool Lady Blue. Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton,
Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey
(New York: Grove Press, 2000), 250.

  
6.
Howard Zinn,
A People's History of the United States, 1492–Present
(New York: HarperPerennial, 1995), 565–566.

  
7.
The National Urban League's “State of Black America,” cited in Nelson George, “The Complete History of Post-Soul Culture,”
Village Voice
(March 17, 1992).

  
8.
Rick Hampson, “City's Chronic Teen-Age Jobless Called a Lost Generation by Labor Officials,”
Staten Island Advance
(August 1, 1983), as cited in Joe Austin,
Taking the Train,
212 (see chap. 7, n. 4).

  
9.
Vince Aletti, “Furious,”
Village Voice
(July 20, 1982), 64.

10.
“Getting Up,”
Village Voice
(May 4, 1999), 39. Andrew Witten and Michael White,
Dondi White: Style Master General
(New York: Regan Books, 2001).

11.
Tom Matthews, “Sons of Spray,”
Harper and Queen
(UK) (October 1984), 270.

12.
Hoban,
Basquiat,
158 (see chap. 6, n. 12).

13.
Hess, “Graffiti R.I.P,” 38 (see chap. 8, n. 6).

14.
Witten and White,
Dondi White: Style Master General
, 113.

10. End of Innocence: The Fall of The Old School.

  
1.
Malu Halasa, “Visions of the Future,”
Black Music and Jazz Review
(UK) (date unknown, probably 1983), 19; from the archives of Bill Adler.

  
2.
Interview by Davey D for Hard Knock Radio, recorded at KPFA-FM, Berkeley (November 29, 2002).

  
3.
Kelefa Sanneh, “After the Beginning Again: The Afrocentric Ordeal,”
Transition
87 (1999), 73.

  
4.
S. Craig Watkins,
Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 93–96.

  
5.
Richard Grabel, “The South Bronx Is Up,”
Village Voice
(November 22, 1983), 86.

  
6.
Sally Banes, “Breaking Changing,”
Village Voice
(June 12, 1984), 82.

  
7.
After four investigations following the
New York Times
series found no criminal wrong-doing or professional misconduct on Gross's part, he filed a libel lawsuit against the
Times,
which was eventually dismissed by the New York State Supreme Court.

  
8.
Sam Roberts, “One Year After Hearings on Police Brutality, Critics Report Some Progress,”
New York Times
(July 25, 1984), B1+.

  
9.
“Three Transit Police Officers Indicted in Beating Death,” Associated Press wire report (June 2, 1984).

10.
Isabel Wilkerson, “Defense Lawyers in Stewart Trial Say They Will Call No Witnesses,”
New York Times
(October 31,1984), B8.

11.
Isabel Wilkerson, “Jury Acquits All Transit Officers in 1983 Death of Michael Stewart,”
New York Times
(November 25, 1985), A1.

12.
Sidney Janis Gallery.
Post-Graffiti
(New York: self-published, 1983).

13.
Richard Goldstein, “The Future of Graffiti,”
Village Voice
(December 13, 1983).

14.
Gallery,
Post-Graffiti.

15.
Kim Levin, “The 57th Street Stop,”
Village Voice
(December 20, 1983), 119. Goldstein, “The Future of Graffiti.”

16.
16. Grace Glueck. “Gallery View: On Canvas, Yes, But Still Eyesores.”
New York Times
(December 25. 1983), sec. 2, 20.

17.
Hess, “Graffiti R.I.P,” 38, 41 (see chap. 8, n. 6).

18.
Ibid., 41.

19.
This from FUTURA's insight told to Alexander Dawson: “Jean-Michel was not really doing original things upon further inspection. He was looking at Twombly and PINK and other artists who were scribbling and doing that thing, but totally a genius guy and made a lot of fucking work.” Alexander Dawson, “Art and Soul: FUTURA 2000,”
Wax Poetics
6 (Fall 2003), 97.

20.
Chairman Jefferson Mao. Liner notes from Ego Trip,
The Big Playback
(Rawkus Records compact disc, February 2000).

21.
Greg Tate,
Flyboy in the Buttermilk: Essays on Contemporary America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 236.

22.
Hoban,
Basquiat,
100 (see chap. 6, n. 12).

23.
M. Franklin Sirmans, “Chronology,” in Richard Marshall,
Jean-Michel Basquiat
(New York: Harry Abrams, 1993), 243

24.
Art Sales Index.
Auction Prices of American Artists, 1990–1992
(Surrey, England: Art Sales Index, 1992), 16–17, 145–146.

25.
“Free at Last,”
The Record
(May 12, 1989), B10.

26.
Ibid.

27.
“Buffed Out,”
New Yorker
(February 26, 1990), 37–38.

28.
Jill Jonnes,
Hep Cats, Narcs and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance With Illegal Drugs
(New York: Scribner, 1996), 38.

29.
Alfred McCoy,
The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade
(Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991), 18–19.

30.
Clarence Lusane,
Pipe Dream Blues
(Boston: South End Press, 1991), 119.

31.
Jonnes,
Hep Cats,
371, citing Gordon Witkin, “The Men Who Created Crack,”
U.S. News and World Report
(August 19, 1991), 47.

32.
For more information, read Claire Hargreaves,
Snowfields
(New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers), 1992.

33.
“Cocaine: Middle Class High,”
Time
(July 6, 1981).

34.
Ann Crittenden and Michael Ruby, “The Champagne of Drugs,”
New York Times Magazine
(September 1 1974), 14.

35.
Jonnes,
Hep Cats,
376, citing James A. Inciardi,
The War on Drugs II: The Continuing Epic of Heroin, Cocaine, Crack, Crime, AIDS and Public Policy
(Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield Pub. Co., 1992), 113.

36.
Gary Webb,
Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras and the Crack Cocaine Explosion
(New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), 33–34.

37.
Dominic Streatfield,
Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography
(New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001), 275.

38.
Webb,
Dark Alliance,
144. Jonnes,
Hep Cats,
376.

39.
Brian Cross,
It's Not About a Salary: Rap, Race and Resistance in Los Angeles
(New York: Verso, 1993), 180–181.

40.
Ibid., 184.

41.
Ibid., 156–157. Also, Rodger “Uncle Jam” Clayton, who says he promoted the show, told me this story during an interview:Raising Hell—that wasn't gangs in Long Beach. It was a race riot. Let me tell you what happened. The Long Beach Insanes had stole a Mexican girl's purse and some Mexican dudes went upstairs, broke in the broom closet and hit up the Long Beach Insanes. They broke some brooms and mops and sticks with sharp edges on ‘em. Then all the black gangs got together that was out there and they just start whooping every Mexican or white boy, throwing ‘em off the second level, whooping they ass and everything. But no one's ever brought that to light. I was right there on the stage trying to calm the crowd down like I always did. They had 100 T-shirt security guards. End of the night you supposed to turn your T-shirt in. End of the night there was only about 30 of them left. They had took off and left and ran. That shit was never brought to light on TV, media or nothing. That was a fucking race riot. It wasn't about gangs. All the black gangs had combined and started whooping ass.

LOOP 3. The Message: 1984–1992.

11. Things Fall Apart: The Rise of the Post–Civil Rights Era.

  
1.
Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel, “CIA Tip Led to ‘62 Arrest of Mandela: Ex-Official Tells of U.S. Coup to Aid South Africa,”
Atlanta Constitution
(June 10, 1990).

  
2.
Donald Culbertson,
Contesting Apartheid U.S. Activism, 1967–1980
(Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1999), 65.

  
3.
Ibid., 57, citing U.S. Department of Commerce,
Statistical Abstract of the United States
(Washington, D.C.: 1968–1976).

  
4.
“Africa: Certainly Not Neglected,”
The Economist
278, no. 7178 (March 28, 1981), 24.

  
5.
George de Lama, “Reagan: South Africa Reforming, President Says Segregation Over,”
Chicago Tribune
(August 27, 1985), C1. Norman D. Sandler, “Washington Window; Reagan on Apartheid: A Potential Problem,” United Press International wire report (August 28, 1985).

  
6.
Pauline Baker,
The United States and South Africa: The Reagan Years
(New York: Ford Foundation and the Foreign Policy Association, 1989), 34.

  
7.
Ken Brown, “Anti-Apartheid Protests Waning, Students Fight Racism,” United Press International wire report (May 23, 1988).

  
8.
Jon Wiener, “Divestment Report Card,”
The Nation
(October 11, 1986), 337.

  
9.
Joseph Berger, “Campus Turmoil over South Africa Ties Fades,”
New York Times
(December 30, 1987), B8.

10.
Chuck Collins and Felice Yeskel, with United for a Fair Economy,
Economic Apartheid in America
(New York: The New Press, 2000), 80–84.

11.
Kevin Phillips,
The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1990), xvii.

12.
Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele,
America: Who Really Pays Taxes?
(New York: Touchstone, 1994), 140.

13.
Edward Wolff.
Top Heavy: A Study of the Increasing Inequality of Wealth in America
(New York: The Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995), 2, 17–18.

14.
Scott Minerbrook, “Blacks Locked Out of the American Dream; Real Estate Discrimination,”
Business and Society Review
(September 22, 1993), 23. Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton.
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 160–162.

15.
Gary Orfield, with Sara Schley, Diane Glass and Sean Reardon, “The Growth of Segregation in American Schools: Changing Patterns of Separation and Poverty Since 1968,” A Report of the Harvard Project on School Desegregation to the National School Boards Association (December 1993), 20, 29.