Authors: John Boyko
30
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 48.
31
Ferris,
Desperate Diplomacy
, p. 26.
32
Ibid., p. 27.
33
Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North,” p. 602.
34
Ibid., p. 631.
35
Wilkins to Head, April 21, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
36
Head to Wilkins, April 22, 1861 and Head to Morgan, April 22, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
37
Seward to Lyons, May 3, 1861. Copy to Head. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
38
Stahr,
Seward
, p. 293.
39
E.L. Pierce,
Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner
. Vol. 4, p. 37.
40
Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
, p. 298.
41
Ferris,
Desperate Diplomacy
, p. 25.
42
Ibid., p. 31.
43
Ibid.
44
Head to Newcastle, April 29, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
45
Lyons to Head, May 2, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
46
Ferris,
Desperate Diplomacy
, p. 66.
47
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 47.
48
Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 10, 1861. Cited in Simpson et al. (eds.),
The Civil War
, p. 411.
49
Lyons to Newcastle, June 25, 1861. Copy to Head. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
50
White,
A. Lincoln
, p. 371.
51
New York Times
, July 26, 1861.
52
London Times
, July 30, 1861.
53
Mahin,
One War at a Time
, p. 57.
54
Globe
, July 29, 1861.
55
Donald Creighton,
John A. Macdonald
. Vol. 1, p. 310.
56
William Wilgus,
The Railway Interrelations of the United States and Canada
, p. 41.
57
Globe
, March 30, 1861.
58
Creighton,
John A. Macdonald
. Vol. 1, p. 309.
59
Macdonald to Ryerson, March 18, 1861. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. MG26-A. Vol. 51.
60
Letter to the Electors of the City of Kingston
, June 10, 1861. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. MG26-A. Vol. 546.
61
New York Herald
, July 13, 1861.
62
London Free Press
, September 11, 1861.
63
Ibid.
64
Galt to Amy Galt, December 6, 1861. LAC.
Galt Papers
. MG27. ID8. Vol. 2.
65
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 65.
66
New York Times
, November 17, 1861.
67
New York Herald
, November 18, 1861.
68
Philadelphia Sunday Transcript
, November 27, 1861. Cited in Foreman,
A World on Fire
, pp. 177–78.
69
Victor Cohen, “Charles Sumner and the Trent Affair,” p. 206.
70
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Team of Rivals
, p. 397.
71
Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln
, p. 268.
72
Mahin,
One War at a Time
, p. 66.
73
Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
, p. 309.
74
Norman Ferris,
The Trent Affair
, p. 29.
75
James McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, p. 390.
76
Ibid., p. 310.
77
Benjamin Moran: Personal Journal, November 27, 1861. See Simpson et al. (ed.),
The Civil War
, p. 645.
78
Charles Adams to Henry Adams November 30, 1861. See Ibid., p. 652.
79
Goodwin,
Team of Rivals
, p. 397.
80
Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North 1861–1862,” p. 609.
81
Macdonald to Monck, December 17, 1861. LAC.
Monck Papers
. MG27. IB2. Vol. 1.
82
Globe
, November 23, 1861.
83
Toronto Leader
, December 7, 1861.
84
Globe
, December 18, 1861.
85
New York Herald
, December 13, 1861.
86
New York Herald
, December 24, 1861.
87
Buffalo Express
, December 30, 1861. Cited in Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 100.
88
Macdonald to Sidney Smith, December 23, 1861. LAC. Macdonald Papers. MG
2
6-A. Vol. 508.
89
Macdonald to Monck, December 26, 1861. LAC.
Monck Papers
. MG27. IB2. Vol. 1.
90
Galt to Amy Galt, December 5, 1861. LAC.
Galt Papers
. MG27. ID8. Vol. 2.
91
Galt to Macdonald, December 5, 1861. LAC.
Galt Papers
. MG27. ID8. Vol. 7.
92
Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln
, p. 269.
93
Ibid.
94
Galt to Amy Galt, December 5, 1861. LAC.
Galt Papers
. MG27. ID8. Vol. 7.
95
Galt to Macdonald, December 5, 1861. LAC.
Galt Papers
. MG27. ID8. Vol. 7.
96
Lyons to Monck, December 9, 1861. LAC.
Monck Papers
. Reel A-756.
97
Monck to Newcastle, December 20, 1861. LAC.
Monck Papers
. Reel A-756.
98
Ibid.
99
Davis Message to Confederate Congress, November 18, 1861. Cited in Simpson, et. al. (ed.),
The Civil War
, p. 633.
100
Crook,
Diplomacy During the American Civil War
, p. 51.
101
Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln
, pp. 268–69.
102
Stahr,
Seward
, pp. 314–15.
103
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 76.
104
Wilmott to Williams, December 26, 1861. LAC.
Letters of William Fenwick Williams
. MG24-A. Vol. 67.
105
Ibid.
106
Burgoyne to Williams, December?, 1861. LAC.
Letters of William Fenwick Williams
MG24-A. Vol. 67.
107
Ibid.
108
McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, p. 390.
109
Goodwin,
Team of Rivals
, p. 400.
110
Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North,” p. 606.
111
Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln
, pp. 269–70.
1
Larry Eggleston,
Women in the Civil War
, p. 2.
2
Elizabeth Leonard,
All the Daring of the Soldier
, p. 229; see also James McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades
, pp. 5–7.
3
Eggleston,
Women in the Civil
War, p. 2.
4
Sarah Emma Edmonds,
Nurse and Spy in the Union Army
, p. 247.
5
Ibid., p. 18.
6
DeAnne Blanton and Lauren Cook,
They Fought Like Demons
, p. 27.
7
Louise Chipley Slavicek,
Women and the Civil War
, p. 27.
8
Jasper Wolverton to Roseltha Wolverton, July 21, 1861. AO. Wolverton Family fonds. Series F4345-6.
9
Morley S. Wickett, “Canadians in the United States,” p. 86.
10
Ibid., pp. 86, 91.
11
Riggins to brother, March 12, 1862. LAC.
Riggins Letters
. MG24. F98.
12
Ibid.
13
Fred Gaffen,
Cross-Border Warriors
, p. 10.
14
Mackenzie to “James,” June 22, 1861. LAC.
Mackenzie Papers
. MG24. B18. 1666.
15
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 135.
16
In 1869 Benjamin Gould cited the number of British North Americans having served in the war was 53,532. Scholars have been arguing about the number ever since. Despite Gould’s certainty, the exact number is, in fact, impossible to ascertain.
Record keeping at the time was often shoddy, Canadian recruits often lied to avoid breaking the law forbidding them to enlist in a foreign army and recruiters often recorded recruits’ place of birth as the county in which they needed to meet their quota. By the 1990s, a consensus formed among scholars that the number of Canadians and Maritimers serving was between 35,000 and 50,000, so to estimate that about 40,000 served is probably as close as we will ever get. See Benjamin Gould,
Investigations in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers
, p. 27; Lois Darroch, “Canadians in the American Civil War,” p. 55; and Andrew Moxley and Tom Brooks, “Drums Across the Border: Canadians in the Civil War,” p. 59.
17
D.C. Bélanger,
French Canadians and the Franco-Americans in the Civil War Era
, p. 42.
18
Cameron to Giddings, April 30, 1861.
The War of the Rebellion
. Series 1. Vol. 43. Part II, p. 137.
19
Toronto Leader
, April 29, 1861.
20
Ibid., May 2, 1861.
21
Globe
, May 19, 1861.
22
Toronto Leader
, July 12, 1861.
23
New York Tribune
, September 11, 1861.
24
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 189.
25
Globe
, October 15, 1861.
26
Head to Lyons, October 8, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
27
Cameron to Seward, October 10, 1861. Copy to Lyons to Head, October 25, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
28
Ella Lonn,
Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy
, p. 68.
29
Williams to Head, April 29, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
30
Marguerite Hamer, “Luring Canadian Soldiers into Union Lines During the War Between the States,” p. 152.
31
Gordon to Newcastle, March 17, 1862. Copy to Monck. LAC.
Monck Papers
. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
32
Toronto Leader
, August 7, 1862.
33
Windsor Star
, October 7, 1861.
34
Head to Lyons, October 1, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
35
Newcastle to Monck, November 10, 1861. LAC.
Monck Papers
. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
36
Wade to parents, September 20, 1861. Cited in Cousins, “Letters of Norman Wade,” p. 126.
37
Wade to sister, December 29, 1861. Cited in Cousins, “Letters of Norman Wade,” p. 130.
38
Lois Darroch,
Four Who Went to the Civil War
, p. 123.
39
Lyons to Head, August 2, 1861. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
40
Lyons to Monck, December 11, 1861. LAC.
Monck Papers
. Reel A-756.
41
Stuart to Monck, September 14, 1862. LAC.
Monck Papers
. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
42
Riggins to sister, July 27, 1862. LAC.
Riggins Letters
. MG24. F98.
43
Riggins to sister, August 9, 1862. LAC.
Riggins Letters
. MG24. F98.
44
Edmonds,
Nurse and Spy in the Union Army
, p. 58.
45
McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, p. 359.
46
Ibid., p. 73.
47
Ibid., p. 98.
48
Leonard,
All the Daring of the Soldiers
, p. 174.
49
Edmonds,
Nurse and Spy in the Union Army
, p. 120.
50
Ibid., p. 118.
51
Ibid., p. 220.
52
Goodwin,
Team of Rivals
, p. 444.
53
Joseph B. Mitchell,
Decisive Battles of the Civil War
, p. 56.
54
Detroit Free Press
, August 1, 1862.
55
Ibid., August 16, 1862.
56
Globe
, August 22, 1862.
57
Ibid., August 11, 1862.
58
Ella Lonn,
Desertion During the Civil War
, p. 201.
59
Globe
, August 9, 1863.
60
William Fox,
Regimental Losses in the American Civil War
, pp. 48–49.
61
Riggins to sister, June 22, 1862. LAC.
Riggins Letters
. MG24. F98.
62
Riggins to sister, August 9, 1862. LAC.
Riggins Letters
. MG24. F98.
63
Anderson to Amie, September 12, 1863. LAC.
Civil Secretary’s Correspondence
. Vol. 97-98, #10948.
64
Riggins to sister, March 19, 1862. LAC.
Riggins Letters
. MG24. F98.
65
Jasper Wolverton to Reeltha Wolverton, July 23, 1861. AO. Wolverton Family fonds. Series F4354-6.
66
Riggins to sister, July 22, 1862. LAC.
Riggins Letters
. MG24. F98.
67
Mitchell,
Decisive Battles of the Civil War
, p. 87.
68
Edmonds,
Nurse and Spy in the Union Army
, p. 278.