Authors: John Boyko
Blood and Daring (47 page)
A month after the war ended, Sarah Emma Edmonds left the service and returned home with fellow New Brunswicker Linus Seelye. They were married two years later and had three children and adopted two more. Edmonds wrote a book entitled
Nurse and Spy in the Union Army: Comprising the Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals Camps and Battlefields
. It was a smashing success, selling 175,000 copies. In 1884, Edmonds attended the reunion of the 2nd Michigan Volunteers. Her comrades in arms convinced her to ask that the charge of desertion be dropped and that she apply for a veteran’s pension. Many wrote letters detailing her contributions and supporting her claim. It took a House bill, signed by President Arthur, to make it happen. Edmonds was granted an honourable discharge and a pension of twelve dollars a month.
In obtaining her pension, Edmonds joined many other Canadians who had earned theirs. It is impossible to quantify how many Canadians were also drawing pensions, Canadians who, like Edmonds, had joined one army or the other when they were already in the United States and then remained there after the war’s end. However, by 1883 the American government was mailing 615 monthly pension cheques over the border to veterans who had returned to their Canadian homes.
56
In 1893, Edmonds and her husband moved to the home of their adopted son George in LaPorte, Texas. Edmonds died on September 5,
1898, and was buried with full military honours in a Grand Army of the Republic portion of a Houston cemetery beneath a headstone that reads, with deceptive simplicity, “Emma E. Seelye, Army Nurse.” How modest. How Canadian.
*
Davis was never tried. A motion to restore his American citizenship was approved by Congress in 1976 and signed into law by a president born in Georgia. Davis may have enjoyed the irony
.
*
Bulloch’s nephew would later be president: Theodore Roosevelt
.
*
McGee is the only Canadian political leader to have been assassinated. There has never been an attempt on the life of a Canadian prime minister
.
INTRODUCTION: BAD NEIGHBOURS IN A DANGEROUS NEIGHBOURHOOD1
Adams to Warren. June 7, 1775. Cited in Murray Lawson, “Canada and the Articles of Confederation,” p. 43.
2
William Renwick Ridell,
Benjamin Franklin and Canada
, p. 39.
3
Cited in Lawson, “Canada and the Articles of Confederation,” p. 47.
4
Ibid., p. 49.
5
Ibid., p. 50.
6
J.M.S. Lawless,
Canada
, p. 110.
7
Alan Taylor,
The Civil War of 1812
, p. 128.
8
Lawless,
Canada
, p. 133.
9
Léopold Lamontagne, “The Ninth Crusade,” p. 222.
10
Montreal Gazette
, April 1, 1863.
11
Robin Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 20.
12
Globe
, July 29, 1861.
13
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 223.
14
Ibid., p. 220.
15
Ibid., p. 59.
16
Preston Jones, “Civil War, Culture War”; and Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 135.
17
Wade to sister, December 29, 1861. Cited in Leone Cousins, “Letters of Norman Wade,” p. 123.
18
Wade to father, November 26, 1861. Ibid.
19
Wade to brother, March 5, 1862. Ibid., p. 124.
1
Anthony Burton,
The Rise and Fall of King Cotton
, pp. 57–58.
2
John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger,
Runaway Slaves
, p. 282.
3
David Williams,
A People’s History of the Civil War
, p. 17.
4
Larry Gara,
The Liberty Line
, p. 6.
5
Fergus Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
, p. 64.
6
James Walker,
A History of Blacks in Canada
, p. 80.
7
Michael Wayne, “The Black Population of Canada West on the Eve of the American Civil War,” p. 476.
8
Walker,
A History of Blacks in Canada
, p. 161.
9
Fred Landon, “The Negro Migration to Canada After the Passing of the Fugitive Slave Act,” pp. 22–36.
10
Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
, p. 342.
11
David W. Blight (ed.),
The Underground Railroad in History and Memory
, p. 137.
12
Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
, p. 342.
13
Karolyn Frost Smardz,
I’ve Got a Home in Glory Land
, p. 7.
14
Ibid., pp. 283–84.
15
Ibid., p. 262.
16
Globe
, March 1, 1851.
17
Robin Winks,
The Blacks in Canada
, p. 257.
18
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 9.
19
Fred Landon, “Canadian Negroes and the John Brown Raid,” p. 177.
20
Globe
, October 19, 1859.
21
Ibid., November 19, 1859.
22
Landon, “Canadian Negroes and the John Brown Raid,” p. 178.
23
New York Herald
, October 28, 1859.
24
The Southern Review
, March 21, 1861. Cited in Robert C. Reinders, “The John Anderson Case 1860–1,” p. 259.
25
Wayne, “The Black Population of Canada West on the Eve of the American Civil War,” p. 469.
26
Laura Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-work
, pp. 206–07.
27
Robard Singleton, “Resistance to Black Republican Domination,” p. 20.
28
Smardz,
I’ve Got a Home in Glory Land
, p. 206.
29
Globe
, April 9, 1860.
30
William Teatero,
John Anderson Fugitive Slave
, p. 64.
31
Macdonald to Freeman, December 27, 1860. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. Vol. 673.
32
Richard Gwyn,
John A
, p. 151.
33
Macdonald to Matthews, August 3, 1859. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. Vol. 673.
34
New York Times
, December 21, 1860
35
Ibid., January 4, 1861.
36
Teatero,
John Anderson Fugitive Slave
, p. 74.
37
Freeman to Macdonald, October 6, 1860. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. Vol. 540.
38
Macdonald to Freeman, October 18, 1860. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. Vol. 540.
39
Province of Canada Sessional Papers
. Vol. 19, no. 4.
40
Ibid.
41
Toronto Leader
, November 24, 1860.
42
Globe
, November 28, 1860 and
Hamilton Daily Spectator
, November 29, 1860.
43
Ibid., November 14, 1861.
44
Ibid., November 30, 1860.
45
Patrick Brodie,
The Odyssey of John Anderson
, p. 49.
46
Ibid., p. 50.
47
Detroit Daily Advertiser
, December 5, 1860. Cited in Brodie,
The Odyssey of John Anderson
, p. 52.
48
Ibid., p. 53.
49
Baltimore American
, December 3, 1860. Cited in Brodie,
The Odyssey of John Anderson
, p. 53.
50
Queen’s Bench Reports.
Province of Canada Sessional Papers
. Vol. 20, no. 4.
51
Ibid.
52
William Renwick Riddell, “The Fugitive Slave in Upper Canada,” p. 356.
53
Macdonald to Freeman, December 20, 1860. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. Vol. 673.
54
Quebec Mercury
. Reprinted in the
Globe
, December 25, 1860.
55
Globe
, December 25, 1860.
56
Ibid.
57
Ibid.
58
Ibid.
59
Globe
, December 22, 1860.
60
Macdonald to Freeman, December 27, 1860. LAC.
Macdonald Papers
. Vol. 673.
61
Henning to Chamerovzow, December 17, 1860. Cited in Reinders, “The John Anderson Case,” p. 399.
62
Ibid., p. 400.
63
London Post
. Cited in the
Globe
, January 22, 1861.
64
London Times
, January 12, 1861.
65
Reinders, “The John Anderson Case,” p. 394.
66
H. Sweet (ed.),
The Jurist
, p. 13.
67
Ibid., 81.
68
Newcastle to Williams, January 1861.
Province of Canada Sessional Papers
. Vol. 19, no. 4.
69
Crook,
Diplomacy During the American Civil War
, p. 3.
70
Jasper Ridley,
Lord Palmerston
, p. 552.
71
Reinders, “The John Anderson Case,” p. 401.
72
London Times
, January 16, 1861.
73
Liverpool Post
. Reprinted in the
Globe
, February 2, 1861.
74
Brodie,
The Odyssey of John Anderson
, p. 80.
75
Globe
, February 2, 1861.
76
Toronto Leader
, January 21, 1861.
77
Brodie,
The Odyssey of John Anderson
, p. 81.
78
Macdonald to Head, March 16, 1861.
Province of Canada Sessional Papers
. Vol. 19, no. 4.
79
Brodie,
The Odyssey of John Anderson
, p. 83.
80
New York Times
, January 30, 1861.
81
New York Herald
, January 30, 1861.
82
New York Times
, January 30, 1861.
83
Peterborough Examiner
, January 3, 1861.
84
Ronald White,
A. Lincoln
, p. 349.
85
Toronto Leader
, February 18, 1861.
86
Ibid.
87
Peterborough Examiner
, February 21, 1861.
1
Ernest Paolino,
The Foundations of the American Empire
, p. 2.
2
Glyndon G. Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
, p. 535.
3
Ibid., p. 209.
4
Paolino,
The Foundations of the American Empire
, p. 8.
5
Amanda Foreman,
A World on Fire
. p. 122.
6
Newcastle to Head, October 28, 1860. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.
7
Foreman,
A World on Fire
, p. 161.
8
Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
, p. 271.
9
Dean B. Mahin,
One War at a Time
, p. 40.
10
Norman Ferris,
Desperate Diplomacy
, p. 8.
11
Ibid., p. 9.
12
Ibid., p. 15.
13
Ibid., p. 24.
14
Crook,
Diplomacy During the American Civil War
, p. 3.
15
Ferris,
Desperate Diplomacy
, p. 17.
16
Kenneth Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North,” p. 604.
17
Ibid., p. 603.
18
White,
A. Lincoln
, p. 392.
19
Walter Stahr,
Seward
, p. 223.
20
Ibid., p. 269.
21
Carl Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln
, p. 145.
22
Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee, p. 113.
23
Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln
, p. 250.
24
Jefferson Davis, Message to Confederate Congress, April 29, 1861. Brooks Simpson et al. (eds.),
The Civil War
, p. 332.
25
Crook,
Diplomacy During the American Civil War
, p. 9.
26
David George Surdam,
Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War
, p. 155.
27
Winks,
The Civil War Years
, p. 47.
28
New York Herald
, April 17, 1861.
29
Lyons to Russell, April 22, 1861. Copy to Head. LAC.
Head Papers
. Reel M-194.