5
On foreign-born underrepresentation in the Union armies, see McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
606.
6
Curran,
Soldiers of Peace,
89. On the refusal of the American Peace Society to join with the far smaller Universal Peace Union in opposition to the war, see Curran, 111-14.
7
Page,
Speech of Moses B. Page,
13-14.
8
Cox,
Eight Years in Congress,
243.
10
See especially Litwack, North of Slavery; Voegeli, Free but Not
Equal;
and Wood,
Black Scare.
11
Hancock,
Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock,
94.
12
Jean H. Baker,
Affairs of Party,
213. In terms of rioting, Baker recognizes that rioters included white Republicans as well as Democrats, “but Democrats, as the most vehement public opponents of racial change, were found more often than Republicans in the anti-Black mobs that physically and verbally abused Negroes. They were also more likely to organize such affairs and to lead campaigns to exclude blacks from politics” (248).
13
See, for example, Toll,
Blacking Up;
Wittke,
Tambo and Bones;
and Nathan,
Dan Emmett and the Rise of Negro Minstrelsy.
14
Jean H. Baker,
Affairs of Party,
221.
15
Samuel S. Cox,
Eight Years in Congress,
357-58. On the miscegenation controversy, see Wood,
Black Scare,
53-79. For a description of the “science” that denied mulattos could procreate, see Louis Menand,
Metaphysical Club.
16
LeBeau,
Currier
&
Ives: America Imagined,
96. For a more extended treatment of Currier & Ives’s denigrating treatment of African Americans in general, see LeBeau 215-56.
The “Irrepressible Conflict”
is reproduced in Peters,
Currier & Ives,
plate 157. See also Holzer, Baritt, and Neely,
The Lincoln Image,
34-43.
17
On Jacksonian religion, see Carwardine’s
Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America.
18
The best treatment of the Bible in political debates is Noll,
America’s
God. See also Noll’s “The Bible and Slavery,” in Randall M. Miller et al.,
Religion and the American Civil War,
43-73.
19
Hopkins,
Scriptural, Ecclesiastical and Historical View of Slavery,
19, 343.
20
On federal arrests, see especially Neely,
Fate of Liberty.
In defending Lincoln’s critics, Klement failed to explore the role of churches and denominations in suppressing dissent; see
Copperheads in the Middle West.
See also Andreasen, “As Good a Right to Pray.”
21
Carwardine, “Methodists, Politics, and the Coming of the American Civil War,” 578-609.
22
Quoted in Victor B. Howard,
Religion and the Radical Republican Movement,
42-43.
30. “FROM HEAD TO HEART”
1
In Southern Cross,
5, Heyrman estimates that by the 1830s the three largest Southern denominations, Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians, amounted to at most 50 percent of white and black households.
2
Reprinted in Lexington Presbytery, A
Century’s History of Presbyterianism,
15.
3
North Carolina Standard,
June 4, 1864.
4
Davis’s address was reprinted in
North Carolina Standard,
February 12, 1864.
5
See Watson, “Religion and Combat Motivation,” 29-55.
6
Doggett,
Discourse Delivered in the Broad Street Methodist Church
and
The War and Its Close.
7
On the desolation of the churches and spiritual malaise on the homefront, see Shattuck,
Shield and Hiding Place,
43.
8
Christian Observer,
October 15, 1863. On the collapse of “institutional religion” in the Confederacy, see Faust,
Mothers of Invention,
184-85.
9
Central Presbyterian,
June 11, 1863.
10
Myers,
Children of Pride,
392.
11
Richmond Religious Herald,
July 30 and September 10, 1863;
12
Southern
Churchman,
August 14, 1863. See also
Richmond Christian Advocate,
September 17, 1863.
13
Richmond Religious Herald,
October 1, 1863.
14
Bunting described the army revivals in a “Letter from the Rangers on Silver Creek, near Rome, Georgia,” July 30, 1863, Robert Franklin Bunting Papers, Barker Center for Texas History, University of Texas. On Bunting’s regiment see Marks, “Bunting Trusted in God and His Comrades,” 45.
15
This is not to say that revivals did not flourish in Northern camps bracing for the spring campaigns. Indeed, reports of army revivals appeared in most Northern religious papers. But Northern army revivals did not come to assume the cultural and political significance that they enjoyed in the Confederacy. On Northern revivals in the army, see Shattuck,
Shield and a Hiding Place,
73-93.
16
Central Presbyterian,
February 18 and April 14, 1864.
17
Baker’s sermon is reprinted in Lexington Presbytery,
A Century’s History of Presbyterianism,
213-36.
18
Anonymous,
The Soldier’s Aim by a Charleston Pastor.
This tract was published by the South Carolina Colportage Board and is in the possession of the South Carolina Historical Society.
19
Richmond Religious Herald,
February 25, 1864.
21
The “New South” orthodoxy was captured early on in the books dealing with Confederate army revivals. See especially Bennett, Narrative of the Great Revival and William J. Jones, Christ in the Camp. On the connections between Civil War revivals and the Religion of the Lost Cause, see Stout and Grasso, “Civil War, Religion, and Communications,” in Randall M. Miller et al.,
Religion and the American Civil War,
313-59.
31. “I CAN ONLY THINK OF HELL UPON EARTH”
1
McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
802.
2
The Liberator,
January 29, 1864.
3
Blight,
Race and Reunion,
242-43.
4
Hesseltine,
Civil War Prisons,
197.
5
Ibid. Hesseltine’s analysis of prison life in the North and South has stood the test of time and remains the only comprehensive survey, although his notions of “war psychology” have been questioned and revised.
6
Wyatt-Brown has exhaustively traced the history and cultural significance of honor in white Southern culture; see especially
Shaping of Southern Culture.
Though not as frequently commented on, similar mores dominated Northern culture, particularly military culture at West Point, whose motto “Duty, Honor, Country” summarized the ethic perfectly.
7
Reprinted in Denney,
Civil War Prisons and Escapes,
appendix 5, 380.
8
Ludlow’s letter of June 14, 1863, is reprinted in ibid., 101.
9
Butler’s letter is reprinted in O.R, series 2 vol. 7, 687-91.
(War of the Rebellion ... Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.)
12
James’s statement is reprinted in ibid., 117-19.
13
Hesseltine,
Civil War Prisons,
2. One of the harshest Northern prisons was at Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island. See Keen, “Confederate Prisoners of War at Fort Delaware,” 1-27.
14
Statistics may be found in Denney,
Civil War Prisons and Escapes,
381.
15
McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
802. McPherson goes on to argue that, if anything, northern figures are understated because some paroled Union prisoners died after their release.
17
Bryan and Lankford,
Eye of the Storm,
213.
18
Denney,
Civil War Prisons and Escapes,
106.
19
McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
795.
20
Hesseltine,
Civil War Prisons,
203.
21
Letter of R. B. Winder to Quartermaster, August 19, 1864, O.R., series 2, vol. 7, 624.
22
Chauncey’s Andersonville diary was transcribed by General William Sever Lincoln and is preserved in Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 1, AAS.
23
Ransom,
Diary.
Ransom’s diary was originally published serially in the
Jackson
(MI)
Citizen
and then bound as a volume in 1881 under the title
Andersonville.
It was reprinted in 1963 with an introduction by Bruce Catton. All of the quotations in this account are from the 1963 edition.
24
Ransom,
Diary,
May 27 and March 30, 1864.
25
O. R., series 2, vol. 7, 616—17.
(War of the Rebellion)
27
Some prisoners did, indeed, seek solace in religion. In contrast to Ransom, Private Sneden attended prayer meetings at Andersonville regularly. Bryan and Lankford,
Eye of the Storm,
249.
28
Ransom,
Diary,
June 18, 1864.
32. “NO PLEDGE TO MAKE BUT ACTION”
1
Banner of the Covenant,
October 13, 1862.
2
American Presbyterian,
September 11, 1862.
3
Kirkwood’s letter is reprinted in Berlin et al.,
Free at Last,
67-68.
4
On blacks in the Union military see Joseph T. Wilson’s classic account in
Black Phalanx.
See also Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
and Cornish,
Sable Arm.
More recently, see Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle,
and McPherson’s edited documentary volume,
The Negro’s Civil War.
On the use of slaves for the Confederate army, see Brewer,
Confederate Negro,
and Ervin L. Jordan,
Black Confederates and Afto-Yankees.
5
Berlin, “The Destruction of Slavery,” 65.
6
Taylor,
Sable Arm,
288-89.
7
McPherson,
The Negro’s Civil War,
176.
8
Thomas Wentworth Higginson to James, November 24, 1862, Thomas Wentworth Higginson Papers, 1853-1911, AAS. Higginson provides a wonderfully written account of his unit in
Army Life in a Black Regiment.
9
Thomas Higginson to William Brown, December 26, 1862, Brown Family Papers, 1762-1965, AAS.
10
First Anniversary of the Proclamation of Freedom in South Carolina,
7.
11
McPherson,
The Negro’s Civil War,
184-85.
12
Ibid., 186. For an account of the battle, see Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
220-24.
13
New York Evangelist,
July 2, 1863. Presbyterian Historical Society. Positive responses to African American soldiers was a staple in the religious press. For similar assessments, see the
American Presbyterian,
February 19, 1863, or the
Christian Instructor and Western United Presbyterian,
October 17, 1863.
14
Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
12-21.
15
Gooding’s letter is reprinted in Adams,
On the Altar of Freedom,
38-39.
16
Gooding quoted in Linden and Pressly,
Voices from the House Divided,
123.
17
Ibid., 127. On June 15, 1864, Congress passed legislation granting equal pay to black soldiers, retroactive only to January 1, 1864.
18
See Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
15-16.
19
Christian Recorder,
August 22, 1863.
20
Harmon’s letter of November 7, 1863, is reprinted in Redkey,
Grand Army of Black Men.
21
McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
634.
22
McPherson,
The Negro’s Civil War,
190.
23
New York Tribune,
September 8, 1865.
24
Ray Palmer,
Opening Future,
20—21. The issue of “the Bible and slavery” continued to bear commentary in 1863. See, for example, Joseph P. Thompson,
Christianity and Emancipation,
and Harwood,
Canaan, Shem and Japheth.
25
Gooding’s account is reprinted in Virginia M. Adams,
On the Altar of Freedom
, 85.
26
Jones’s letter is reprinted in Redkey,
GrandArmy
of Black Men, 42.
27
Romero and Rose,
Reminiscences of My Life,
87—88.
28
McPherson,
The Negro’s Civil War,
209.
29
An early account of the massacre appeared in Joseph T. Wilson,
Black Phalanx,
348-58. For a balanced assessment of the evidence on all sides, see Castel, “The Fort Pillow Massacre,” 37-50.
30
Ransom, Diary, July 6, 1864.
32
Joseph T. Wilson,
Black Phalanx,
358.
33
White’s letter of March 14, 1864, is reprinted in Redkey
Grand Army of Black Men,
38-39.