29
Banner of the Covenant,
December 7, 1861.
10. “TO HUMBLE OURSELVES BEFORE GOD”
1
Richardson,
Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis,
1:188. On Davis’s drift toward Providence, see Eaton,
Jefferson Davis,
147-49.
2
J. B. Jones,
Rebel War Clerk’s Diary,
112.
3
Religious Herald,
February 20 and 27, 1862.
4
Lt. Charles C. Jones Jr. to Rev. and Mrs. C. C. Jones, February 27 and March 3, 1862, reprinted in Myers,
Children of Pride,
206, 207.
5
American Presbyterian,
December 19, 1861.
6
Basil Manly, “Sermon on Judges 6:13,” February 28, 1862, Manly Family Papers, William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama. For a discussion of Manly’s activities as a chaplain during the Civil War, see Fuller,
Chaplain to the Confederacy;
287-308.
7
Democratic opposition would get its full wind in the fall of 1862, when Lincoln committed himself publicly to emancipation; see Neely,
Union Divided.
On Democratic politics and culture, see chapter 29 of
Upon the Altar of the Nation.
8
Reverend C. C. Jones to Lt. Charles C. Jones Jr., February 18, 1862, reprinted in Myers,
Children of Pride,
203-5.
11. “IS IT NOT GRAND ... ?”
1
Christian Herald and Presbyterian Recorder,
June 26, 1862.
2
Presbyter,
October 2 and 9, 1862.
3
Nancie Jourdan to George Frederick Jourdan, December 9, 1861, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, AAS.
4
Sarah Baker,
Charlie the Drummer-Boy,
14-15. On sentimentalized children’s literature, see Fahs,
The Imagined Civil War,
256-86.
6
Uncataloged panoramas, AAS. I am indebted to Professor Sallie Promey for calling this broadside to my attention.
7
Marten,
Children’s Civil War,
16.
8
New York Evangelist,
June 26 and April 3, 1862.
9
Christian Herald,
June 25, 1863. McPherson’s
For Cause and Comrades,
58-60, 77-82, explores the motives of soldiers and shows how the lessons on cowardice were well learned by soldiers and officers alike. See also Linderman,
Embattled Courage.
10
Marten,
Children’s Civil War,
116.
11
Boykin,
Boys and Girls Stories of the War,
12.
12
Ezell, “Southern Education for Southrons,” 303-27.
13
Rable,
Confederate Republic,
179-84.
14
For a bibliography of Confederate texts, see Stililman, “Education in the Confederate States of America,” 462-67.
15
Sewart,
Geography for Beginners,
42—43.
16
Stillman, “Education in the Confederate States of America,” 243.
17
See, for example, Lander,
Our Own Primary Arithmetic,
49, or Moore,
First Dixie Reader,
56. Northern textbooks developed many of these same themes minus the proslavery apologias. But since they were often reprinted from earlier editions in verbatim fashion, there was no direct commentary on the war. See Marten,
Children’s Civil War,
59.
18
Marinda B. Moore,
Primary Geography,
14.
19
On slave reform in education, see Stillman, “Education in the Confederate States of America,” 396-410.
20
Nancie Jourdan to Fred, December 9, 1861, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 9, AAS.
21
See Faust,
Mothers of Invention,
40-45, and Rable,
Civil Wars,
154-201.
22
I am indebted to Joanne Chaison of the American Antiquarian Society for calling this recently acquired archive to my attention. Of all government jobs available to women, the largest proportion, and best paying, were with the Treasury Department. See Faust,
Mothers of Invention,
88-92.
23
L. E. Hughes to Memminger, October 21, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 4, Folder 3, AAS.
24
Eugenia Hyde to Memminger, October 3, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 4, Folder 3, AAS.
25
Mary Gifford to Memminger, November 28, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 4, Folder 2, AAS.
26
This estimate is taken from Holmes, “‘Such is the Price We Pay,’” in Vinovskis,
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War,
174. On widowhood in the Confederacy see Gross, “‘Good Angels,’” in Clinton,
Southern Families at War,
133-54.
27
Beecher,
National Justice and Penalty
in his
Patriotic Addresses,
374.
28
New York Times,
August 5, 1862.
12. “THE POPULAR HEART”
1
Masur,
“The Real War Will Never Get in the Books,”
45.
2
Bernard,
Lincoln and the Music of the Civil War,
foreword. See also Heaps,
The Singing Sixties,
and Olson,
Music and Musket.
3
See, for example, Massachusetts Volunteers 25th Regiment Band Books, Manuscript Collection, AAS.
4
New York Times,
November 23, 1861, quoted in Bernard,
Lincoln and the Music of the Civil War,
48.
5
Bernard,
Lincoln and the Music of the Civil War,
58. General McClellan went so far as to forbid Hutchinson from performing before the Army of the Potomac.
6
“The Bonnie Blue Flag” (Baltimore, 1862), Union Imprint Song Sheets, John Hay Library, Brown University.
7
“The Bonnie Blue Flag” (Augusta, 1861). For similar themes see, for example, “Up with the Flag” (Richmond, 1863), Confederate Sheet Music Collection, John Hay Library, Brown University.
8
“All Quiet Along the Potomac To-night” (Richmond, 1862), Confederate Sheet Music Collection, John Hay Library, Brown University.
9
See McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades,
77-82.
10
Let Me Die Face to the Foe
(New York, 1862), Union Imprint Song Sheets, John Hay Library, Brown University. The
War Song of Dixie
(Augusta, 1862). Confederate Sheet Music Collection, John Hay Library, Brown University.
11
Howe’s account is quoted in Commager,
Civil WarArchive,
378.
12
Masur,
“The Real War Will Never Get in the Books,
45.
13
Edmund Wilson,
Patriotic
Gore, 95-97. Howe’s poem is reprinted in Commager,
Civil War Archive,
378-79.
14
Cullen,
Civil War in American Drama,
17. On Stowe, see Birdoff,
World’s Greatest Hit.
15
See Donald,
Lincoln,
568-70.
13. “RELIGION HAS GROWN WARLIKE”
1
Livermore,
Numbers and Losses in the Civil War,
47.
2
Technology was one thing, military practice in the heat of battle another. Many battle lines closed to one hundred yards or less, effectively neutralizing rifles that could hit targets at one thousand yards or more. Nor did accuracy on a practice range extend to the battlefield. One recent analysis of accuracy in Civil War battles concludes that soldiers averaged only one “hit” per one hundred shots—a figure not that different from hit rates in the Mexican War. See Nosworthy,
Bloody Crucible of Courage,
574-93.
3
William Augustus Willoughby to Wife, April 14, 1862, Papers, 1861-64, Manuscripts Collection, AAS.
4
Following Bull Run, Sherman’s fortunes ran temporarily downhill in Kentucky, where he backed away from engagements with the enemy because, out of fear, he exaggerated their strength.
5
On the Battle of Shiloh, see Sword,
Shiloh: Bloody April;
McDonough,
Shiloh—In Hell before Night;
and T. Harry Williams,
P.T.G. Beauregard,
121-30.
7
Christian Instructor and Western United Presbyterian,
September 1, 1862.
8
Edwin Wheelock to Dr.————, April 17, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 3, Folder 5, AAS.
9
Halleck’s strategy was grounded in the maneuver and siege tactics of Jomini, in contrast to Clausewitz (and Grant), whose strategy centered on the destruction of armies on a massive scale. See Johnson,
Just War Tradition,
288.
10
John E. Anderson,
Reminiscence,
Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 1, 34, AAS.
11
In practice, Lincoln was probably a better military strategist than Jefferson Davis, who refused to appoint a general in chief until forced to by Congress. But in fact, neither was the distinguished military mind he thought he was. On Davis, see Eaton,
Jefferson
Davis, 249.
12
The Liberator,
March 21, 1862.
14
Martha LeBaron Goddard to Mrs. [Mary] Johnson, August 3, 1862, Manuscript Collection, AAS.
15
Horace James to Sabbath Society, June 21, 1862, Horace James Correspondence, 1852-1870, Manscript Archives, AAS.
16
Banner of the Covenant,
May 31, 1862.
17
Richmond Daily Dispatch,
March 29, 1862.
14. “WHAT SCENES OF BLOODSHED”
1
The literature on McClellan and the Army of the Potomac is enormous. Among the more important works are T. Harry Williams,
Lincoln and His Generals;
Sears,
George B. McClellan;
and McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
428-545.
2
The journalistic mythmaking began with the account of Manassas printed in the
Richmond Daily Dispatch,
July 29, 1861. See Royster,
Destructive War,
68-69.
3
Woodward,
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War,
499-500.
4
T J. Jackson to R. L. Dabney, July 24, 1862, Manuscript Archives, Union Theological Seminary, Richmond.
5
Richmond Daily Dispatch,
May 21, 1862.
6
Quoted in Eliot,
West Point in the Confederacy,
53.
7
See Webb’s classic account
The Peninsula
(vol. 3 in Scribner’s series
Campaigns of the Civil War).
For more recent accounts see Dowdey,
Seven Days;
and Sears,
To the Gates of Richmond.
8
Quoted in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
470. In all, McClellan lost 3,214 to Lee’s 5,355.
9
In
Just War Tradition,
290, ethicist James Turner Johnson argues “it is not enough to write off enormous battlefield casualties because they have been inflicted only on combatants.”
10
Richmond Daily Dispatch,
June 26, 1862.
11
American Presbyterian,
July 10, 1862.
12
Daniel, “The Diary of Mary W. Taylor, 1860-1864,” 927.
13
See McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
471—72, for casualty figures, and 464—71 on Jackson’s failure to arrive on the scene.
14
Philadelphia Inquirer,
July 1, 1862.
16
In 1862 Lee was still perceived as a coequal with Davis, Johnston, and Jackson. But by year’s end, he would be in a class by himself. See Connelly,
The Marble Man,
11—26.
17
Richardson,
Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis,
1:229-30.
18
Jeremiah Bell Jeter’s sermon notes are preserved at the Virginia Baptist Historical Society in Richmond. Special thanks to the society and its director, Fred Anderson, for access to these notebooks. All quotations are taken from the microfilm collection at the Baptist Historical Society.
20
Richmond Daily Whig,
February 26, 1862.
21
Jones,
Rebel War Clerk’s Diary,
124.
22
Richardson,
Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis,
1:227-28.
23
Richmond Examiner,
May 19, 1862.
24
Here I follow the argument set forth in Gallagher,
Confederate War.
25
Richmond Examiner,
February 17, 1862.
26
Ibid., February 18, 1862.
27
Ibid., September 5, 1862.
28
Robert L. Dabney to the Board of Directors of Union Theological Seminary, April 21, 1862, Manuscript Archives, Union Theological Seminary, Richmond.
29
Sears,
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan,
306-7.
32
O. R.
(War of the Rebellion ... Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies),
series I, vol. 12, pt. 3, 473-74.
33
Quoted in Grimsley,
Hard Hand of War,
88-89. Italics mine.
15. “GOD WILLS THIS CONTEST”
1
On Lincoln’s resolve to mount a total-war strategy, see Sutherland, “Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War,” 567-86.
2
Basler,
Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings,
650.
4
In
Hard Hand of War,
142-71, Grimsley marks the onset of “hard war” on civilians at 1864.