France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932-1939 (82 page)

  
12
.
    
*Bérard, Armand,
Au temps du danger allemand
, 1975, pp. 371–372. Jean Paul-Boncour was his nephew.

  
13
.
    
*Noël, Léon,
Les illusions de Stresa
, 1976, p. 40.

  
14
.
    
Ibid., p. 46.

  
15
.
    
Ibid., p. 47.

  
16
.
    
*Szembek, Jan,
Journal. 1933–1939
, French translation. 1952, 21 May 1935, p. 87.

  
17
.
    
*Pertinax,
Les Fossoyeurs
, 1943, Vol. II, p.169.

  
18
.
    
Op. cit., pp. 50–51.

  
19
.
    
For instance in 1932, *
Les doctrines monétaires à l’épreuve des faits
(where the names of Piétri, Flandin, and Rueff appear) and 1934, *
L’Économie dirigée
(with Siegfried, Paul Reynaud, Mönick, and Gignoux).

  
20
.
    
Except for the ageing Joseph Caillaux for four days in 1935.

  
21
.
    
Sauvy, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 432.

  
22
.
    
See *Germain-Martin,
Le problème financier, 1930–1936
, where according to Sauvy the statistics are obscure and messy. Op. cit. Vol. I, p. 34.

  
23
.
    
*Romains, Jules,
Cela depend de nous
, 1939, p. 103.

  
24
.
    
Blum, Léon,
À l’echelle humaine
. op. cit.

  
25
.
    
*Piobetta, J.-B.,
Le baccalauréat de l’enseignement secondaire
, doctoral dissertation, 1937.

  
26
.
    
Words used by the Greek diplomat Politis. See Chapter V.

  
27
.
    
*De Monzie, Anatole,
Ci-devant
, 1941, pp. 116–120. He knew him from the Collège Stanislas.

  
28
.
    
See Nicolson, op. cit., p. 195 (Eng. edition p. 44).

  
29
.
    
Loustaunau-Lacau,
Mémoires d’un français rebelle
, 1948, p. 57.

  
30
.
    
Title of a booklet he published in April 1935.

  
31
.
    
I spell Léger rather than Leger, because during the seven years this man, known by many different names, was heading the Quai d’Orsay, the
Annuaire
kept the accent. There is no scientific non-hagiographic biography of the man. The one in La Pléiade, *Saint-John Perse,
Œuvres complètes
, Paris 1972, XLII-1417 p. is an incomplete and totally flattering one. His former secretary Etienne de Crouy-Chanel wrote a nuanced and favorable portrait in
Le Monde
on September 9, 1980. One may argue about the “great capacity for work” by Léger. Very extensive conversations with foreign diplomats and
journalists. Almost no notes, instructions, practically no comments on cables, nor any synopsis of meetings held.

  
32
.
    
See *Chambrun, Charles de,
L’esprit de la diplomatie
, 1946.

  
33
.
    
*Morand, Paul,
Souvenirs d’un attaché d’ambassade
, p. 22.

  
34
.
    
*Auffray, Bernard,
Pierre de Margerie
, 1976, p. 254.

  
35
.
    
Morand, op. cit., p. 12.

  
36
.
    
*Chauvel, Jean,
Commentaires
, Vol. I, 1971, p. 42. See also *Hoppenot, Henri,
De Saint-John Perse à Alexis Léger
and *Saillet, Maurice,
Saint-John Perse, poéte de gloire
, suivi de
Un essai biographique d’Alexis Léger
.

  
37
.
    
Op. cit., p.22.

  
38
.
    
Op. cit., Vol. I, p. 44.

  
39
.
    
*Fabre-Luce, Alfred,
Journal de la France
(
1939–1944
), 1969, quoted by Guyot, op. cit., p. 4.

  
40
.
    
Statement in Guyot, op. cit., p.6.

  
41
.
    
*Bonnet, Georges,
Dans la tourmente, 1938–1948
, 1971, p. 20. See Guyot, ibid.

  
42
.
    
Chauvel, op. cit., p. 45.

  
43
.
    
Chauvel, op. cit., p. 58.

  
44
.
    
For instance *Weiss, Louise,
Mémoires d’une Européenne
, Vol. II, p. 223; *Tabouis, Geneviève,
Ils m’ont appelée Cassandre
, 1942; *Bois, Paul-Elie,
Le malheur de la France
, 1941; *Allard, Paul,
Le Quai d’Orsay
, 1938.

  
45
.
    
Perinax,
Les Fossoyeurs
, Vol. I, pp. 293–294.

  
46
.
    
Ibid., p. 293.

  
47
.
    
Saint-John Perse, op. cit., pp. 605–614.

  
48
.
    
*Eden, Anthony,
Facing the Dictators
, 1962, p. 232.

  
49
.
    
*Gamelin, General Maurice,
Servir
, 1946–1947, 3 volumes.

  
50
.
    
*Le Goyet, Pierre,
Le mystère Gamelin
, 1977.

  
51
.
    
Le Goyet, op. cit., p. 17.

  
52
.
    
Ibid., p. 21.

  
53
.
    
Ibid., p. 64.

Chapter I

T
HE
R
ETURN OF
E
DOUARD
H
ERRIOT

    
1
.
    
Jadis
, II, p. 294.

    
2
.
    
Sauvy,
Histoire économique de la France
, Op. cit. Vol. II, pp. 37–38. Sauvy somewhat exaggerates this unawareness of the economic upswing. During his speech in Potiers (where he traveled on October 30, 1932), Herriot was pleased about the improved economy, the reduction in unemployment and the increase in exports. See *Soulié, Michel,
Le vie politique d’Édouard Herriot
, 1962, p. 307.

    
3
.
    
Jadis
, Vol. II, p. 301.

    
4
.
    
*Weygand, General Maxime,
Mémoires
, 1950, Vol. II,
Mirages et réalités
, pp. 388–389. The best work on Weygand during this period is *Bankwitz, Philip C.,
Maxime Weygand and civil-military relations in modern France
, Harvard, 1968.

    
5
.
    
Frankenstein, Robert, “À propos des aspects financiers du réarmement français (1935–1939),” RHDGM, no. 107, April 1976, pp. 1–20.

    
6
.
    
I have offered the thought that he was an “innovator” in the collection of essays *
Édouard Herriot, Études et témoignages
, 1975. I must admit that since then the dissertation by Jacques Bariéty,
Les relations franco-allemandes après la première guerre mondiale
, op. cit., appears to prove rather decisively Herriot’s lack of seriousness at least in 1924.

    
7
.
    
Jadis
, Vol. II, pp.287–367.

    
8
.
    
Jadis
, Vol. II, p. 357.

    
9
.
    
*Jeanneney, J.-N.,
François de Wendel en République
, 1976, p. 194.

  
10
.
    
Faure, Paul,
Le Populaire
, 24 May 1932, quoted in Soulié,
La vie politique d’Édouard Herriot
, op. cit., p. 356.

  
11
.
    
*Lapie, Pierre-Olivier,
Herriot
, 1967, pp. 305–324.

  
12
.
    
*Jeanneney, Jules,
Journal politique
, edited by Jeanneney, Jean-Noël, Paris, 1972, p. 9.

  
13
.
    
Jadis
, p. 317.

  
14
.
    
Jadis
, p. 322.

  
15
.
    
It is difficult to agree with Soulié, op. cit., p. 369, that “the Lausanne conference was a diplomatic success for Herriot.”

  
16
.
    
This was actually the impression gained by the French financial attaché to Washington, Mönick, see DDF, 1, I, no. 97, 11 August 1932.

  
17
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 1, 2 July 1932.

  
18
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 16, 13 July 1932.

  
19
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 17, 13 July 1932.

  
20
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 20, 14 July 1932.

  
21
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 23, Laroche, Warsaw, 15 July 1932. See also no. 75, Cambon, 28 July 1932.

  
22
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 24, Arnal, 15 July 1932.

  
23
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 28, Arnal, 16 July 1932. See also no. 49, 21 July.

  
24
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 30, Note for distribution by Herriot, 17 July 1932.

  
25
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 59, François-Poncet, 25 July 1932.

  
26
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 31, Claudel, 17 July 1932.

  
27
.
    
Maurice Vaïsse, “Continuité et discontinuité dans la politique française en matière de désarmement (February 1932–June 1933): the example of control.”
Colloque franco-allemand
of March 1977; and mostly in Maurice Vaïsse,
Sécurité d’abord. La politique française en matière de désarmement
(December 9, 1930–April 17, 1934), Paris 1981, 653 pages (Doctoral dissertation).

  
28
.
    
Herriot would repeat it in his governmental statement of June 7 JODP,
Chambre
, 7 June 1932, p. 2234.

  
29
.
    
*Castellan, Georges,
Le réarmement clandestin du Reich
, 1954. This excellent dissertation is based upon the opening of the archives of the
Deuxième Bureau
. To be complemented by W. Sauer “Die Reichswehr,” in *K.D. Bracher ed.
Die Auflösung der Weimarner Republik
. My intent here is not the study of Germany’s rearmament as it actually took place, but rather the subjective idea the French had of it. Vol. See *Edward Bennett
German Rearmament and the West 1932
–
1933
. Princeton, 1970.

  
30
.
    
See *Bariéty, Jacques, “Les relations internationales en 1932–1933,”
Revue historique
, October-December 1967, pp. 347–364. *Bariéty J. and Bloch, Charles, “Une tentative de réconciliation franco-allemande en 1932-1933 et son échec,” RHMC, July-September 1968, pp. 433–465.

  
31
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 46, Herriot to François-Poncet, 20 July 1932.

  
32
.
    
DDF, 1, I, no. 68, Herriot to François-Poncet, 27 July 1932.

  
33
.
    
Ibid., see Bariéty and Bloch, quoted article, p. 453. DBFP, Series B, III, nos. 148–150, 172, 175, 184. Herriot,
Jadis
, Vol. II, p. 321 sq. (who doesn’t discuss those conversations that much).

  
34
.
    
See Weygand op. cit., p. 384, he states that the French government having received from von Neurath the proposal for direct negotiations on equal rights, sent Lieutenant Colonel de Lattre de Tassigny to Brittany where Weygand was vacationing to give him the text and bring back his answer.