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22. Vgontzas, A. N., Tsigos, C., Bixler, E. O., et al.,“Chronic Insomnia and Activity of the Stress System: A Preliminary Study,”
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23. Arauz-Pacheco, C., Parrott, M.A., Raskin, P.,“Hypertension Management in Adults with Diabetes,”
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24. Gress, T. W., Nieto, F. J., Shahar, E., et al.,“Hypertension and Anti- hypertensive Therapy as Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study,”
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25. Pollare, T., Lithell, H., Berne, C., “A Comparison of the Effects of Hydrochlorothiazide and Captopril on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Hypertension,”
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26. Alderman,M.H.,Cohen,H.,Madhavan,S.,“Diabetes and Cardiovascular Events in Hypertensive Patients,”
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27. Dunder, K., Lind, L., Zethelius, B., et al., “Increase in Blood Glucose Concentration During Antihypertensive Treatment as a Predictor of Myocardial Infarction: Population Based Cohort Study,”
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28. Quinones-Galvan, A., Ferrannini, E., “Renal Effects of Insulin in Man,”
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29. Mora-Rodriguez, R., Hodgkinson, B. J., Byerley, L. O., et al., “Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation and Blockade on Substrate Metabolism During Submaximal Exercise,”
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30. Imazu, M.,“Hypertension and Insulin Disorders,”
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31. Mills, G. A., Horn, J. R., “Beta-Blockers and Glucose Control,” Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy, 19(4), 1985, pages 246–251.

32. Marcus, A. O., “Safety of Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Hyper- tension, Dyslipidemia, and Type 2 Diabetes (the Metabolic Syndrome): Part 1,”
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33. Devoy, M. A., Tomson, C. R., Edmunds, M. E., et al., “Deterioration in Renal Function Associated with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy Is Not Always Reversible,”
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Chapter 9: The Cardiac Connection

1. Garnt, P. J., Davies, J. A., “Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes,” In: Textbook of Diabetes, Pickup, J. C. & Williams, G. (Eds.), Blackwell Publishing, 3rd Edition, 2002. Malden, MA.

2. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics- 2004 Update. Dallas, Tex.: American Heart Association, 2003.

3. Haffner, S. M., Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., et al., “Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes and in Nondiabetic Subjects with and without Prior Myocardial Infarction,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
339(4), 1998, pages 229–234.

4. Hu,F.B.,Stampfer,M.J.,Solomon,C.G.,et al.,“The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Mortality from All Causes and Coronary Heart Disease in Women: 20 Years of Follow-Up,”
Archives of Internal
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161(14), 2001, pages 1717–1723.

5. Balkau, B., Shipley, M., Jarrett, R. J., et al., “High Blood Glucose Concentration Is a Risk Factor for Mortality in Middle-Aged Non- diabetic Men. 20-Year Follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study,”
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21(3), 1998, pages 360–367.

6. Kenchaiah, S., Evans, J. C., Levy, D., et al.,“Obesity and the Risk of Heart Failure,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
347(5), 2002, pages 305–313.

7. Kirpichnikov, D., McFarlane, S. I., Sowers, J. R., “Heart Failure in Diabetic Patients: Utility of Beta-Blockade,”
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9(4), 2003, pages 333–344.

8. Gaziano, J. M., Hennekens, C. H., O’Donnell, C. J., et al., “Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction,”
Circulation,
96(8), 1997, pages 2520–2525.

9. Abbasi, F., McLaughlin, T., Lamendola, C., et al., “High Carbohydrate Diets, Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk,”
American Journal of Cardiology,
85(1), 2000, pages 45–48.

10. Assmann, G., Schulte, H., Funke, H., et al., “The Emergence of Triglycerides as a Significant Independent Risk Factor in Coronary Artery Disease,”
European Heart Journal,
19 Suppl M, 1998, pages M8-M14.

11. St-Pierre, A. C., Ruel, I. L., Cantin, B., et al.,“Comparison of Various Electrophoretic Characteristics of LDL Particles and Their Relationship to the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease,”
Circulation,
104(19), 2001, pages 2295–2299.

12. Garvey, W. T., Kwon, S., Zheng, D., et al.,“Effects of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes on Lipoprotein Subclass Particle Size and Concentration Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,”
Diabetes,
52(2), 2003, pages 453–462.

13. Hickey, J. T., Hickey, L.,Yancy,W. S. J., et al.,“Clinical Use of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet to Treat the Dyslipidemia of the Metabolic Syndrome,”
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders,
1(3), 2003, pages 227–232.

14. Westman, E. C.,Yancy,W. S., Jr., Guyton, J. S.,“Effect of a Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet Program on Fasting Lipid Subfractions,”
Circulation,
106(19(SII)), 2002, page 727.

15. Luc, G., Bard, J. M.,Arveiler, D., et al.,“Lipoprotein (a) as a Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease: The Prime Study,”
Atherosclerosis,
163(2), 2002, pages 377–384.

16. Gotto, A. M., Jr., Brinton, E. A., “Assessing Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Risk Factor in Coronary Heart Disease: A Working Group Report and Update,”
Journal of the American College of Cardiology,
43(5), 2004, pages 717–724.

17. Hickey, J. T., Hickey, L.,Yancy,W. S. J., et al.,“Clinical Use of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet to Treat the Dyslipidemia of the Metabolic Syndrome,”
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders,
1(3), 2003, pages 227–232.

18. Westman, E. C., Mavropoulos, J., Yancy, W. S., et al., “A Review of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diets,”
Current Atherosclerosis Reports,
5(6), 2003, pages 476–483.

19. Hudgins, L. C.,“Effect of High-Carbohydrate Feeding on Triglyceride and Saturated Fatty Acid Synthesis,”
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,
225(3), 2000, pages 178–183.

20. Hudgins, L. C., Hellerstein, M. K., Seidman, C. E., et al.,“Relation- ship between Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia and Fatty Acid Synthesis in Lean and Obese Subjects,”
Journal of Lipid
Research,
41(4), 2000, pages 595–604.

21. Gaziano, J. M., Hennekens, C. H., O’Donnell, C. J., et al., “Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction,”
Circulation,
96(8), 1997, pages 2520–2525.

22. Austin, M. A., Hokanson, J. E., Edwards, K. L., “Hypertriglyceridemia as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor,”
American Journal of
Cardiology,
81(4A), 1998, pages 7B-12B.

23. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults, “Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III),”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
285(19), 2001, pages 2486–2497.

24. Ashton, E., Liew, D., Krum, H., “Should Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Be Treated with ‘Statins’?”
Heart Failure Monitor,
3(3), 2003, pages 82–86.

25. Ashton, E., Liew, D., Krum, H., “Should Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Be Treated with ‘Statins’?”
Heart Failure Monitor,
3(3), 2003, pages 82–86.

26. Westman, E. C., Mavropoulos, J., Yancy, W. S., et al., “A Review of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diets,”
Current Atherosclerosis Reports,
5(6), 2003, pages 476–483.

27. Arcaro, G., Cretti, A., Balzano, S., et al., “Insulin Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans: Sites and Mechanisms,”
Circulation,
105(5), 2002, pages 576–582.

28. Festa,A., Hanley,A. J., Tracy, R. P., et al.,“Inflammation in the Pre- diabetic State Is Related to Increased Insulin Resistance Rather Than Decreased Insulin Secretion,”
Circulation,
108(15), 2003, pages 1822–1830.

29. Caballero, A. E.,“Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Road to Diabetes and Heart Disease,”
Obesity Research,
11(11), 2003, pages 1278–1289.

30. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults, “Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III),”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
285(19), 2001, pages 2486–2497.

31. Fedder, D. O., Koro, C. E., L’Italien, G. J., “New National Cholesterol Education Program III Guidelines for Primary Prevention Lipid-Lowering Drug Therapy: Projected Impact on the Size, Sex, and Age Distribution of the Treatment-Eligible Population,”
Circulation,
105(2), 2002, pages 152–156.

32. Reaven, G., “Syndrome X,”
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine,
3(4), 2001, pages 323–332.

33. Sharman, M. J., Kraemer, W. J., Love, D. M., et al., “A Ketogenic Diet Favorably Affects Serum Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease in Normal-Weight Men,”
Journal of Nutrition,
132(7), 2002, pages 1879–1885.

34. Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., Gomez, A. L., et al., “An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Pipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women,”
Journal of Nutrition,
133(9), 2003, pages 2756–2761.

35. Hudgins, L. C.,“Effect of High-Carbohydrate Feeding on Triglyceride and Saturated Fatty Acid Synthesis,”
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,
225(3), 2000, pages 178–183.

36. Caballero, A. E.,“Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Road to Diabetes and Heart Disease,”
Obesity Research,
11(11), 2003, pages 1278–1289.

37. Hoogeveen, E. K., Kostense, P. J., Jakobs, C., et al., “Hyperhomocysteinemia Increases Risk of Death,Especially in Type 2 Diabetes: 5-Year Follow-up of the Hoorn Study,”
Circulation,
101(13), 2000, pages 1506–1511.

38. Soinio, M., Marniemi, J., Laakso, M., et al., “Elevated Plasma Homocysteine Level Is an Independent Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,”
Annals of Internal Medicine,
140(2), 2004, pages 94–100.

39. Buysschaert, M., Dramais,A. S.,Wallemacq, P. E., et al.,“Hyperhomocysteinemia in Type 2 Diabetes: Relationship to Macroangiopathy, Nephropathy, and Insulin Resistance,”
Diabetes Care,
23(12), 2000, pages 1816–1822.

40. Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., et al.,“Inflammation, Aspirin, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Apparently Healthy Men,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
336(14), 1997, pages 973–979.

41. Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., et al., “C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
342(12), 2000, pages 836–843.

42. Forouhi,N.G.,Sattar,N.,McKeigue,P.M.,“Relation of C-Reactive Protein to Body Fat Distribution and Features of the Metabolic Syndrome in Europeans and South Asians,”
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders,
25(9), 2001, pages 1327–1331.

43. Ziccardi, P., Nappo, F., Giugliano, G., et al.,“Reduction of Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations and Improvement of Endothelial Functions in Obese Women after Weight Loss Over One Year,”
Circulation,
105(7), 2002, pages 804–809.

44. Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., Gomez, A. L., et al., “An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Pipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women,”
Journal of Nutrition,
133(9), 2003, pages 2756–2761.