Kaplan, David B. 274, 347
Karch, Andreas 7, 434, 437, 439, 441
Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP), Santa Barbara 50–51, 390, 434, 435–6
Kendall, Henry 174
Ketterle, Wolfgang 147
Klein, Oskar 34–5, 38
Kogan, Ian 443
Kounnas, Costas, 348n
KR
see
locally localized gravity
Kribs, Graham 347
Kutasov, David 435
Lake Geneva 188
Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP)
see under
CERN
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
see under
CERN
lasers 147
Lawrence, Albion 73, 74
Lee, T.D. 164
Leigh, Rob 306
Lenin, Vladimir I.:
Materialism and Empirio-Criticism
152
LEP (Large Electron-Positron collider) 184, 186–8
Lepton-Photon Conference (2001) 402
leptons 175, 177–8, 190, 213–14, 216, 218–20, 241, 348
and GUT 234, 236
handedness
165
,
168
intrinsic spin 281
and supersymmetry 263
trapped on a brane 365
see also
electrons; muons; neutrinos; taus
LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 8, 145,
185
, 186, 189, 211, 219, 254, 255, 269, 378, 380, 381, 383, 384, 407, 411, 412, 457, 458
light
bending of 101–2,
103
and branes 57–8
composed of photons 136, 147
energy carried by light as discontinuous 9
monochromatic 134
Planck’s quantization rule 121, 123
polarization of 197
speed of
see
speed of light
white 173, 196, 200
light quanta 9–10, 118, 123–5, 148
light waves 100
Likhtman, E.P. 259n, 261
Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich 104–5
local interactions 315, 326
localized gravity
see
RS2
locally localized gravity (KR) 437–44
London, Fritz 196
longitude, lines of 105, 108
longitudinal polarization 198, 199
Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 85, 162, 163, 163n
Lorentz contraction of a moving object 91
Loyd, Sam 56,
57
Luty, Markus 346–7
Lykken, Joe 336, 381–2, 402, 410, 411
M-theory 304–5, 316–17, 452
magnetic fields 146, 152, 153, 155
magnetism 6, 9, 152, 153, 154
Maldacena, Juan 449
Mandula, Jeffrey 257
Mars 85
Marsden, Ernest 126–7
Martinec, Emil 291, 330
mass 43, 43n, 45, 78, 101, 108, 114, 144, 160, 169–71, 191, 208, 210, 220, 264, 353–4, 356, 402
rescaled in the fifth dimension 399–400
small mass means larger size (quantum mechanics) 401
zero 43n, 191
see also
Planck scale mass, weak scale mass
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 174, 337, 338, 434
massive objects 43, 45,
45
massless objects 43n
mathematical theories 104
matrix theory 452–3
matter 111, 112, 123, 219
Maxwell, James Clerk 9, 89, 154–5, 281
Maxwell’s laws 89
May, Michael J. 409n
medicine 27–8
Mendeleev, Dmitri 10
menorah 191,
191
, 192, 194
Merli, Piergiorgio 135–6
Minkowski, Hermann 107
mirror symmetry 451–2
Missiroli, Gianfranco 136
model building 8, 63–83
molecular biology 116
molecules 76, 123
momentum 131, 143, 148, 149, 170, 353–4, 356
Montonen, Claus 310
Moon, the 85, 367
Motl, Luboš 152
Mousopoulos, Massimo 443
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans 27–8
multiverses 60,
60
muon neutrinos 175,
175
, 176, 273
muons 78–9,
183
decay 94, 175,
175
, 273–4
and electrons 195, 273
handedness 176
interaction 273–4
mass of 79, 94, 175, 195
negatively charged 175
and supersymmetry 273–4
and time dilation 94
Murayama, Hitoshi 346–7
Myers, Robert C. 432n
Nanopoulos, Dmitri, 348n
natural selection 162
Nelson, Ann 347
Neptune 85
neutrinos 10, 79, 166–7,
183
and electrons 202
emission 376
as examples of leptons 175
flavors 178
handedness 167, 176
and supersymmetry 263
neutrons 161
charge-neutral 76,
77
, 173
decay 165, 166,
166
, 167
discovered by Chadwick 127
in nucleons 10
and quarks 9, 77, 173
turned into protons 165,
165
Neveu, André 261, 262, 286
New York Times
80
Newton, Sir Isaac
inverse square law 43, 46, 48, 69, 87–8, 279, 375,
375
, 398, 438
laws of motion 28–9, 85, 97; second law 96–7
see also
gravitational force law
Newtonian gravitational attraction 111
Newtonian physics 92, 118, 354, 419
nongravitational forces 148, 161, 177, 248, 255, 405,
406
North Pole 105, 106
nucleons 10, 76, 287
nucleus 76,
77
, 126–7, 162, 287, 366
Oersted, Hans 152–3
old quantum theory 119, 120, 126, 128, 131
Olive, David 262, 310
orbital angular momentum 146n
Ovrut, Burt 332
Oxford supersymmetry conference (1998) 336, 363
Oxford University 443
p
-branes 51, 309–10
Papazouglou, Antonios 443
parallel postulate (Euclid’s fifth postulate) 104, 105
parallel universes 2, 60–61, 83
parity violation 164, 165, 293
particle accelerators 177, 179, 181, 189, 295, 356, 359
particle colliders 8, 69, 94, 160–61, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 241, 255, 269, 276, 329, 350, 352, 357, 359, 360, 373, 413, 429
searches for extra dimensions 376–81, 407–11, 457–8
particle physics 35, 49, 51, 76, 83, 116, 301
Standard Model
see
Standard Model of particle physics
particles
associated with waves 130–37
bosons or fermions 146–8, 149
charged 159, 165, 323, 324, 325
decay 176, 181–2, 241
Delta 171
on different branes 342
effective theory 29–30
elementary
see
elementary particles
energy 221, 223, 225
eta 171
and GUT 234
heavy 79, 160, 177, 179, 181, 187, 225, 244, 247
Higgs 211, 212, 219, 476n20
and Higgs mechanism 204
high-energy 143, 202
interaction 227, 228, 238, 241, 342
interaction strength 221, 233
intermediate or internal 157
intrinsic spin 146, 164
known fundamental particles 174–8
left-handed 164–5, 292
masses 221, 252, 350, 376, 386
massless 170, 177, 324
matter 79,
79
muon 78–9
pion 171, 173
probability of finding 131, 132
quantum paths 148–9
range of 207
right-handed 164–5, 292
sequestered 342
Standard Model 79,
79
and string theory 5–6, 68, 69
and the strong force 172
tau 79
trapped by branes 55, 57, 59–62,
59
, 323, 324, 328, 389
virtual
see
virtual particles
wavefunction 134–5, 143
see also
KK particles
passages, defined 2
paths 228, 230
and the Higgs particle’s mass 252, 253
and virtual particles 229, 246, 248
Pauli, Wolfgang 167
Pauli exclusion principle 147
Peet, Amanda 328
“Penrose tiling”
4
periodic table 9
perturbation 311
perturbation theory 311–14, 316
Peskin, Michael 188
phenomenology 72
photinos 266, 269, 271
photoelectric effect 124
photon emission 128
photons 113, 146, 155–8, 161, 173, 218, 230, 335
as bosons 146, 147, 218
in Compton scattering
125
detection of individual 137n
Einstein and 9–10
and electromagnetism 200, 281
and electroweak theory 218, 219
nd gravitational source 100, 101
interaction 165–6,
166
, 201, 231
intrinsic spin 146, 281
light quanta 125, 136, 137, 148
and living on a brane
59
massless 170, 208, 218
relic 299
virtual
157
, 226–7, 281n
waves associated with 197
physics
bottom-up approach 238
classical 116, 117, 118, 120, 128, 135, 148, 279
conservation of energy 167
fields of 81–2,
82
goal of high-energy physics 179–80
laws, and inertial frames 91
Newtonian 92, 354, 419
and quantum theory 116
questions and methods 66
top-down approach 238
twentieth century 5, 8–9
Picasso, Pablo:
Portrait of Dora Maar 26
Pilo, Luigi 409
pions 171, 173
Planck, Max 9, 114, 116, 120–21, 123, 125, 131
Planck scale energy
136
, 145, 149, 169, 222, 249,
255
, 280, 282, 294–5, 358–9, 367, 405, 477n25, 479n34
Planck scale length 35, 39, 42, 48, 145, 149, 279, 282, 294, 302, 358, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368n, 397, 453, 454, 456
Planck scale mass 249–55, 258, 268, 294, 358–9, 368, 371–2, 380, 394, 398, 400–401, 403, 413, 430–31