boundary 49, 52–5, 330, 332, 371, 386, 387, 388, 390
dimensionality of 57, 112, 304, 306
interaction 307
non-boundary 55, 410–11
nonzero charge 307–8
and parallel worlds 60–61
and particles 55, 57, 59,
59
, 60, 61, 349
and string theory 6, 51, 57, 58–9, 61, 303–33
tension 306, 307–8
trapped on 55–9, 61, 62, 323, 327, 328, 330–33, 344, 363–6, 375, 383, 388,
388
two branes and the hierarchy problem (RS1) 394, 395, 428, 436
violation of spacetime symmetries 308
see also
brane-worlds; D-branes; Do-branes;
p
-branes
bulk 53,
53
, 55,
59
, 61, 112, 305, 306, 326, 327, 332, 349, 363, 366, 367, 389, 403–6,
406
, 413, 429, 443
Calabi, Eugenio 42
Calabi-Yau compactification 297–8
Calabi-Yau manifolds 42, 293, 332, 451–2
California Institute of Technology (Caltech) 402
Cambridge University 313
Candelas, Philip 293
Carroll, Lewis
Alice in Wonderland
31, 414n
Through the Looking Glass
414n
CAT (computer-assisted tomography) scans 27
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge 127
CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab) 181–3
CERN (European Organization for Particle Research) 8–9, 145, 184–6,
185
, 188, 219, 241, 382
see also
LEP; LHC
Chacko, Zacharia 347
Chadwick, James 127
Chamblin, Andrew 432n
chirality 164
Coleman, Sidney 117, 232, 257
Collider Detector at Fermilab
see
CDF
colliders
see
particle colliders
color-neutral combinations 172
colors 172–3, 196, 234
compact spaces 41–2
compactification 292, 293n
compactified dimensions
see
rolled-up dimensions
Compton scattering 124–5,
125
constant wave 355
Contino, Roberto 409n
Copernican Revolution 439
Copernicus, Nicolas 7
Cornell, Eric 147
Cornell University 329
cosmological constant 299
see also
dark energy; vacuum energy
cosmology 51, 111, 112, 116, 122, 296, 349, 383, 404, 456–7
Csaki, Csaba 409
cubes 20, 23,
24
, 104
cubism 25-6
curled-up dimensions
see
rolled-up dimensions
curvature 105–6,
105
, 112
negative 389
positive 390
D-branes 306–7, 309, 310, 320, 323, 324, 449
Do experiment 181, 182, 183,
183
Do-branes 319, 452, 453
Dahl, Roald:
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
17–18
Dai, Jin 306
Dali, Salvador:
Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) 26
dark energy 9, 61, 271n
see also
cosmological constant; vacuum energy
dark matter
defined 270–71
effects on matter surrounding it 9
and supersymmetry 270–71
surmised from its gravitational effects 61
Darwin, Charles 162, 163
The Origin of Species
162
de Broglie, Prince Louis 130, 131, 143
de Sitter, Willem 390
de Sitter space 390
deep inelastic scattering experiment (Friedman-Kendall-Taylor) 173–4
Delta particle 171
detectors 181–3,
183
dimensions 11–30
and boundary branes 52–3
fermionic 261
number of 13, 15, 161, 448
and string theory 301
see also
extra dimensions; rolled-up dimensions
Dimopoulos, Savas 348, 349, 363–9, 371–4, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383
see also
ADD model
Dirac, Paul 156–7, 159
Dirichlet, Peter 306
distance dependence 221, 222, 227–33, 246
double-slit experiment 133–5,
134
,
135
474n11
duality 304, 310–322, 30
and warped geometry 449–50
duck analogy 424,
425
, 427, 440, 442
Duff, Michael 304, 315
Durham University 323
Dvali, Gia 363–4, 382, 364–9, 371–4, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383
see also
ADD model
E = mc
2
101, 111, 114,
136
, 144, 160, 169, 179, 210, 219, 220, 249
Earth 49, 86–7, 98–9, 11, 162–3, 308, 367
Eddington, Arthur 101
effective field theories 223
effective theory 29–30, 223, 224, 225, 227, 292
Einstein, Albert 90, 113–14, 123–5, 130
in Bern patent office 90, 113–14, 123
and Kaluza’s paper 34
and light quanta 10, 116, 123–5
and Maxwell 155
Nobel Prize for Physics 124
and photoelectric effect 123–4
and relativity 17, 90, 107, 113–14, 155
and time coordination 90
and a unified theory 67
and vacuum energy 298
see also E = mc
2
; Einstein’s Equations; general relativity; special relativity
Einstein’s Equations 111–13
see also
RS1; RS2
“Einstein Cross”
103
electric charge screening 231, 232
electric fields 153, 154, 155
electricity 9, 152, 153, 154
electromagnetic fields 154, 158
electromagnetic force 78, 89–90, 128, 157, 161n, 163, 168, 174, 177, 326, 366–7, 374
classical theory of 89, 96, 153, 155
distance/energy dependence 221–2, 227, 230–31, 235, 242, 270–71
and the electroweak theory 217
and Kaluza’s theory 34
and Newton’s second law of motion 96
and the photon 155–9, 163, 168, 200, 207, 230, 281
and supersymmetry 262
and symmetry 197, 201
electromagnetic waves 89, 128, 155
electron anomalous magnetic moment 156n
electron antineutrinos 273
electron-positron annihilation
157
,
230
electron-positron pair creation 366
electrons
accessibility 161
in atoms 9, 76,
77
, 77–8
Compton scattering 124–5,
125
double-slit experiment 133–5,
134
,
135
, 474n11
as examples of leptons 174, 175,
175
, 195, 202, 273
fundamental 78, 152, 161, 171, 195
Gamow on 10
handedness 176
and deep-inelastic-scattering 173
intrinsic spin 146, 164
Maxwell and 9
negative charge 152, 160
and neutron decay 166,
166
and supersymmetry 263, 273–4
probability function for 132–3,
133
quantization 128–30
Stoney and 9
Thomson identifies 126
virtual 227,
227
, 230,
230
, 231
and wavefunction 128–9,
129
, 132, 133,
133
, 135
see also
QED
electronvolt (eV) 143, 144, 376
electroweak symmetry 218, 219, 241, 242, 244, 249, 265, 388, 409
electroweak theory 163, 217–18
elementary particles
as the building blocks of matter 75, 79
and gravity 78
mass 212, 242, 249, 252, 301
origin of their masses 82
and weak scale energy 144
see also
particles
Ellis, John 348n
Emparan, Roberto 432n
empirical observations 67
energy 9, 100, 111–12, 114, 124, 167, 170, 298–300, 332–3, 441, 457, 480n38
large distance interchangeable with low energy 234–5
and mass 101, 114, 144, 160, 169, 210, 220
rescaled in the fifth dimension 399–400
short distance interchangeable with high energy 235
unification 222
vacuum 298–9, 300
see also
Planck scale energy; vacuum energy; weak scale energy
Enterprise
, USS (in
Star Trek
) 159
Eöt-Wash experiment 375,
375
Eötvös, Baron Roland von 375
equivalence principle 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102
eta particle 171
Euclidian geometry 104
European Organization for Particle Research
see
CERN
Eve, A.S. 163n
evolutionary biology 116
exponential falloff 479n36
exponential function 480n38
extra dimensions 1–5, 8–9, 12, 17–21, 305, 336–9, 352, 456
collider searches for extra dimensions 346, 352–9, 376, 377–81, 407–412
expecting disparate masses 401–2
experimental constraints without branes 358–60, 361
flat 422–3
and strength of gravity 363, 366, 370–72, 392–402
ignoring 28, 39
“Penrose tiling”
4
size of (with branes) 329–30, 363–84, 419–32
and the weak scale 363, 368–9, 392–402
see also
ADD model; branes; brane-worlds; HW; Kaluza-Klein particles; locally localized gravity; rolled-up dimensions; RS1; RS2; sequestering
families 175
Faraday, Michael 153, 154
Fermi, Enrico 146, 167, 169, 181
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), Batavia, Illinois 145, 181, 182, 185, 187, 241, 381
see also
CDF; Do experiment; Tevatron
Fermi interaction 169
fermionic dimensions 261
fermions 146–9, 258, 260, 292, 327
Ferrara, Sergio 259n, 261–4
Ferrara-Zumino theory 261, 262
Feynman, Richard 155n, 156–7, 157
Feynman diagram 157,
157
,
166
,
227
,
247
fifth dimension 12, 15, 332, 407, 424, 418n, 419, 421–2, 424, 426, 427, 431
see also
locally localized gravity; RS1; RS2; sequestered supersymmetry breaking
fine-tuning 245, 248, 253, 266
Fischler, Willy 452–3
Flatland 18, 20, 21, 51 352–3
flavor symmetry 195, 196