The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (118 page)

Weinberg, Robert,
355
,
370
–76,
379
–80,
390
–92,
410
–11,
412
,
413
,
443

Weissman, George,
262

Welch, William,
63

Western General Hospital,
329

white blood cells (lymphocytes),
3
,
13
,
17
,
29
,
152
,
407
,
409

aminopterin and,
33
–34

chemotherapy and,
127
,
315

nitrogen mustard and,
88
,
90

in response to infection,
13
,
16

Whitehead Institute,
376
–77,
379

Wiedrich, Bob,
187

Wigler, Michael,
374
,
376

Williams, Ted,
102

Williams, William Carlos,
306

Wills, Lucy,
28
,
29

Wilms’ tumor,
123
–24

Wit
(Edson),
205
,
209

Witwatersrand, University of,
321
,
323
,
326
,
327
–28

Woglom, William,
80

Wöhler, Friedrich,
83
–84

Wolfe, Thomas,
93

Wolff, James,
34

Wolfler, Anton,
62

women:

cigarette advertising targeted to,
268

lung cancer mortality rate in,
331

smoking by,
268
,
445

Women’s Field Army,
111
,
113

Wood, Francis Carter,
46

Woodard, Frank,
108

Woodard, Sara Johnson,
108
,
109
–10

Worcester Foundation,
217

World War I:

cigarette consumption increased by,
250

mustard gas in,
87
–88

World War II,
26
,
89
,
109
,
129

cigarette consumption increased by,
250

scientific research in,
119
–20,
129
–30

Wynder, Ernst,
250

tobacco-cancer study of,
244
–45,
246
–47,
252
,
253
–55,
256
,
260
,
263
,
401

X-rays,
23
,
44

as carcinogen,
77
–78,
347
,
349
,
389

as diagnostic tool,
291
;
see also
mammography

discovery of,
73
–74

DNA damaged by,
75
,
77

mutation increased by,
278
,
347

in radiation therapy,
75
–76,
123
–24,
127
,
158
–59

Yale–New Haven Hospital,
226

Yarborough, Ralph,
184

yellow bile,
48
,
53

Young, Hugh Hampton,
71

Ypres, Belgium,
88

Ziegler, John,
207

Zimmermann, Jürg,
433
,
435

Zubrod, Gordon,
129
–30,
132
,
134
,
137
–38,
139
,
140
,
147
,
162
,
163
–64,
207
,
260

leukemia research consortium created by,
130
–31,
133

VAMP opposed by,
143