The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (111 page)

Clements, Earle,
264

Cleveland Clinic,
196

clinical trials,
see
protocols

clones,
39

clotting factors,
415

CMF regimen, in adjuvant chemotherapy,
220
–21

CML,
see
chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia

c-myc
(
myc
) gene,
382
–83,
384
,
391
,
410
,
412
,
453
–54,
458

cocaine,
62
–63,
225

Cochran, William,
259
,
261

Codman, Ernest,
30
n

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
403

Cold War,
182

Cole, Mary “Moya,”
216
–17,
218
–19,
221

Coley, William B.,
30
n

Coley’s toxin,
30
n

Collett, Mark,
358

Collins, Francis,
450

colon cancer,
59
,
116
–17,
208
,
331
,
381
,
401
,
443
,
450
,
451

colonoscopy,
331
,
401

Commission on the Conquest of Cancer,
184

“compassionate use” issue, experimental therapies and,
423
–26

complexity,
20

compound 606 (Salvarsan),
86

Comprehensive Cancer Centers,
208

Conant, Marcus,
317

concentration camps,
397

“Concerning the Origin of Malignant Tumors” (Boveri),
342

Congress, U.S.:

antiregulatory posture of,
262

cancer research and,
24
–25,
113
–14,
122
,
150
,
177
,
184
–89,
455

tobacco industry and,
260
,
264

Congress for Internal Medicine,
86

Conquest of Cancer Act (Kennedy/Javits bill),
185
–86,
187

Cooper, Geoff,
374

Cooper case,
258

cotton,
81

cowpox,
342
,
343

creatine,
31

Crick, Francis,
345

Crile, George, Sr.,
196

Crile, George Barney,
68
,
196
–97,
198
,
199

Crimean War,
240

cryptococcal meningitis,
316

CT scans,
389
,
422

Cullman, Joseph,
262

Cummings, Karen,
396

Curd, John,
418
,
424
,
426

cure, patients’ expectations of,
22

Cure for Cancer: A National Goal
(Garb),
177
–78,
234

Cure of Childhood Leukemia, The
(Laszlo),
21

Curie, Marie,
74
–75,
76
,
77

leukemia of,
78
,
347

Curie, Pierre,
74
–75,
76
,
77

Cushing, Harvey,
65
,
71
–72

Cyclophosphamide,
127

Cyrus, King of Persia,
41

cytarabine,
127

cytotoxic drugs,
43
–44,
143
n
,
162
–63,
165
,
168
,
176
,
207
,
208
,
220
,
223
,
305
,
309
,
312
,
320
,
405
,
427
–28,
452

Cytoxan,
162
,
220
,
427
–28

Dakhleh, Egypt,
43

Dameshek, William,
146

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
153
,
190
,
310
–14,
374
,
433
–34,
468

Institutional Review Board at,
312

D’Angio, Giulio,
123

Darius I, King of Persia,
41
–42

dasatinib,
442
–43

David, Ed,
186

Davis, Marvin,
171

DDT,
457

death, oncologists and,
4
,
306
–8,
337
–38

decoy molecules,
31
,
87

Degos, Laurent,
408
–9,
410

de Gouvêa, Hilário,
347
,
366
,
367
,
381

de Koning, H. J.,
128

Delbruck, Max,
345

Democedes,
41
–42

De Morbis Artificum Diatriba
(Ramazzini),
238

deoxyribonucleic acid,
see
DNA

DES (diethylstilbestrol),
213
,
277
,
278

developing countries, tobacco-industry targeting of,
273
–74

DeVita, Vincent,
151
,
163
–65,
171
,
172
,
220
,
315

diabetes,
284
,
414
,
415

Diamond, Louis,
34

Dick, John,
458

Dickens, Charles,
239

Dickersin, Kay,
426

Dictionary of Practical Surgery, A
,
55

Didion, Joan,
420

diethylstilbestrol (DES),
213
,
277
,
278

diphtheria,
84

disease(s):

Galen’s theory of,
48
–50,
52
–54,
55
,
79
,
90
,
214
,
238
,
281

naming of,
14
,
46
–47

risk factors for,
444
–45

Virchow’s cellular theory of,
14
–16

Djozer, King of Egypt,
40

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
360
,
455

in cell division,
28
–29,
75

as damaged by carcinogens,
75
,
77
,
122
,
351
,
406
,
462

folic acid and,
28
–29

inhibiting formation of,
91
–92

mutations of,
6
,
406
,
462

nitrogen mustard as damaging to,
163
,
406

reverse transcription from RNA to,
352
–54,
371

transcription to RNA of,
352

transfer of,
372
–74

see also
genes, genomes

dogs, prostate cancer in,
212
–13

Doisy, Edward,
213
,
215

Doll, Richard,
243
,
244
,
273
,
462
,
465

lung cancer studies of,
245
–49,
250
–51,
253
–54,
260
,
262
,
263
,
276
,
294
,
350
,
401
,
455

Donne, John,
51

Dorchester, Mass.,
32

Doyle, Arthur Conan,
9

Drebin, Jeffrey,
411
n

Drew, Elizabeth,
265

Druker, Brian,
433
–40

drug resistance,
132
,
441
–43

drugs, definition of,
413
–14

Dryja, Thad,
376
–80,
415

DuBridge, Lee,
183

Duesberg, Peter,
358

Duke University,
315
,
319
,
325
,
326

Dulbecco, Renato,
350
,
351
,
371

dwarfism,
415

dye industry,
81
–86

dyes, synthetic,
81
–86,
278
,
340

E. coli
, 20

Edell, Marc,
269
–71,
272

Edinburgh, Scotland,
298
,
302

Edson, Margaret,
205
,
209

Edwards, Ralph,
97
–99,
396

Egan, Robert,
291

Egypt, ancient,
39
–41,
463

Ehrlich, Paul,
80
,
84
–88,
237
,
340
,
432
,
439

magic bullets of,
86
–88,
222
,
234
,
304

Einhorn, Larry,
204
–5,
208
,
228

Einstein, Albert,
370

electrometer,
74

Eli Lilly,
31
,
139

Elion, Gertrude,
91
–92

Eliot, T. S.,
191

“Ella” (VAMP protocol survivor),
148
–50

Ellie: A Child’s Fight Against Leukemia
(Tucker),
21

embryonic stem cells,
458

Enders, John,
22
,
94

Endicott, Kenneth,
162
,
171
,
177
,
260

environmentalists,
456

enzymes, viral,
352
–53,
354

epidemiology,
238
,
243
,
245

case-control studies in,
245
,
246
–47,
276
,
280

causality and,
253
–56,
276
,
290
,
350

Framingham longitudinal data and,
444
–45

meta-analysis and,
261

molecular,
457

preventive medicine and,
290
,
457

recall bias in,
446

tobacco-cancer link and,
241
–42,
247
,
248
–49,
250
,
261

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
175

Erikson, Ray,
358
,
361
,
368
,
375

Erk protein,
387
,
454

Erwin, Bob,
429

esophageal cancer,
274
,
305

estrogen,
211
,
213
,
456

breast cancer and,
215
,
221
,
222
–23,
456
,
464

receptor in,
215
,
216
,
217
,
464

etoposide,
206

Evans, Audrey,
123

evolution,
39
,
247
–48

Ewing, James,
30
n

extended field radiation,
159
–61,
163

extirpations,
23

Faget, Max,
178

fairness doctrine,
265
–66,
267

“Fall, The” (Milosz),
116

false positives, false negatives,
291
–92

Farber, Emmanuel,
259
,
261

Farber, Norma,
30

Farber, Sidney,
129
,
162
,
286
,
395

as advocate for cancer research,
100
,
171
–72,
189

background of,
18
–19

cancer research hospital project of,
see
Jimmy’s Clinic

cancer research of,
122
–23,
126
–27

chemotherapy regimens devised by,
103

chemotherapy seen as universal cure by,
93
,
155
,
403

colostomy of,
118

death of,
189
–90,
193
,
461

as fund-raiser,
102

isolation of,
27
,
35
,
101
–2

at Jimmy’s Clinic,
125
–26,
153
,
189
–90

leukemia research of,
19
–20,
21
,
27
,
29
–30,
31
,
33
–36,
92
,
100
,
101
,
114
,
121
,
122
–23,
130
,
132
,
136
,
158
,
309
,
338
,
433
,
439

M. Lasker and,
114
–15,
116
,
122
,
171
,
177
,
190

as pediatric pathologist,
11
–12,
19

VAMP survivors and,
149
–50

viral origin of cancer advocated by,
175

in War on Cancer,
114
,
118
,
122
,
150
,
155
,
178
,
184
,
188
,
190
,
234

Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (FCLAA; 1965),
264
–65,
267
,
273

Federal Communications Commission (FCC),
265
–66

Federal Trade Commission (FTC),
263
–64,
401

feminism, doctor-patient relationship and,
199

Fidler, Isaiah,
173

Fieser, Louis,
260
–61

Figuoeroa, Rodolfo,
60

Fisher, Bernard,
198
–99,
200
,
219
–20,
221
–23,
228

Fitz, Katherine,
307
–8,
400

5-fluorouracil,
154