The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (116 page)

Ras-Mek-Erk pathway,
387
,
453
–54

Rauscher, Frank,
191
,
223
,
234

Rb
gene,
364
,
367
–69,
376
,
377
–80,
381
,
391
,
412
,
453
–54,
458

Reader’s Digest
, 112

recall bias,
446

receptors,
31

in estrogen,
215
,
216
,
217
,
464

recombinant DNA,
413
,
414

red blood cells,
3
,
18
,
88

Red Queen syndrome, cancer and,
443
,
444
,
446
,
470

Reed, Carla,
1
–3,
7
,
17
–18,
126
–27,
168
–69,
190
,
337
,
338
–39,
398
,
400
,
448
–49,
459

Reimann, Stanley,
121
–22

relapses,
59
,
138
,
443

of breast cancer,
64
,
66
–69,
197
,
208
,
221
,
329
,
419

of leukemia,
35
,
91
,
132
,
133
,
147
,
165
,
166
,
170
,
442

remissions:

of ALL,
127
,
190
,
338
–39,
400

of APL,
409
–10

of breast cancer,
217
,
222
,
314
,
454
,
456

of Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
160
–61,
171
,
179

of leukemia,
34
,
35
,
101
,
127
,
133
,
145
–46,
179
,
190

of, CML,
437
–39,
441
,
443
,
444

retinoblastoma,
366
–68,
376
,
377
,
380
,
391

retinoic acid,
408
–9

retroviruses,
318
,
352
,
353
,
354
,
360
,
361
–62,
363
,
380

as carcinogens,
354
,
355
–56,
357
,
415
,
431
n

reverse transcriptase,
352
–54,
371

Revlimid,
443

Rhoads, Cornelius “Dusty,”
92
,
114

Richards, A. N.,
121

Richardson, Dora,
216

Rieff, David,
306

risk factors, for disease,
444
–45

for cancer,
44
,
276
,
303
,
445
–46,
455
–57

in social networks,
445
–46

risky prediction,
370

R. J. Reynolds,
273

RNA (ribonucleic acid),
91
,
345
–46

reverse transcription to DNA of,
352
–54,
371

transcription from DNA to,
352

viral,
352
–54

Roe v. Wade
, 199

Rogers, Paul,
187
–88

Rollin, Betty,
200

Rome, ancient, medical knowledge in,
48
–49

Romeo and Juliet
(Shakespeare),
89

Röntgen, Anna,
73

Röntgen, Wilhelm,
73
–74

Roosevelt, Franklin D.,
25
,
94
,
404

Rosenberg, Barnett,
204

Rosenberg, C. E.,
46

Rosenow, Fanny,
26
–27

Rosensohn, Etta,
286

Roswell Park Cancer Institute,
133
,
167
n

Rous, Peyton,
173
,
174
,
175
,
176
,
335
,
342
–43,
350
,
355
,
362
,
382
,
383

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV),
174
,
342
,
349
–50,
351
,
358
–59,
372
,
466

genome as modified by,
351
–52

as mutated
src
gene,
361
–62

as retrovirus,
353

Rowley, Janet,
365
–66,
376
,
409
–10,
430
–31

Rubin, Harry,
351

Ruijin Hospital,
408
,
409
–10

Sabin, Albert,
22
,
94

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital,
195

St. Christopher’s hospice,
225

St. Jude’s hospital,
167
–68,
170

Saint Louis Hospital (Paris),
408

St. Luke’s Hospital,
64

St. Thomas’ Hospital,
156
,
157

Salecl, Renata,
182

Salk, Jonas,
22
,
94

Salmonella
, 277,
278

Salomon, Albert,
290

Salvarsan (compound 606),
86

Samuel, Book of,
305

Sandler, Elliott,
33
,
34

Sandler, Robert,
32
–34,
35

San Francisco, Calif., AIDS in,
317
–18

San Francisco General Hospital, Ward
5
B at,
317
–18,
424

sarcomas,
173
,
174
,
443
,
467

SARS,
182

Saunders, Cecily,
225
–26

Sawyers, Charles,
436
,
437
,
438
,
441
–42

Schabel, Frank,
312

Scheele, Leonard,
235

Schleiden, Matthias,
15

Schmidt, Benno,
184
–85,
187

Schope, Richard,
174

Schuman, Leonard,
261

Schwann, Theodor,
15

science:

Apollo program and public perception of,
179

goal-driven vs. basic research in,
119
–22,
183

measurement in,
19
,
74
,
197
–98,
227

technology vs.,
462

Science the Endless Frontier
(Bush),
120

Scientific American
, 227–28,
350

scientific revolutions,
196

screening:

for breast cancer,
457
,
464
;
see also
mammography

colonoscopy,
331
,
401

molecular biology and,
457
–58

over- vs. underdiagnosis in,
291
–92,
293
,
302

Pap smears,
288
–90,
296
,
303
,
331
,
401

as prone to error,
302

scrofula,
47

scrotal cancer,
173
,
237
–39,
241
,
276

scurvy,
110

sea urchins,
341
,
348
,
349

secondhand smoke,
260

Senate, U.S.,
122
,
185

see also
Congress, U.S.

Shakespeare, William,
1
,
89
,
191

Shapiro, Sam,
294
–95,
296
,
297
,
299
,
302

Shelby County, Tenn.,
289
–90

Shepard, Mike,
418
,
420
,
427

Sheridan, Catherine Variety,
95
,
96

Shih, Chiaho,
373
–74,
376

Shimkin, Michael,
107

Shinder, Jason,
398

signaling pathways,
387
,
388
,
389
,
402
,
406
,
432
,
443
,
453
–54,
457
,
458
,
464
–65

Silent Spring
(Carson),
456

6-mp (6-mercaptopurine),
92
,
127
,
132
–33,
140
,
143
,
338

see also
VAMP regimen

Skipper, Howard,
139
,
140
–41,
143
,
196
,
206
,
311
–12

Skolnick, Mark,
381

Slamon, Dennis,
415
–19,
433

Herceptin trials of,
420
–22,
423
,
426
–29

sleeping sickness,
85
,
245

slime molds,
345
,
346
,
349

smallpox,
24
,
41
,
175
,
225
,
343

Smith, Anna Deavere,
305

Smith, Edwin,
39

Smith, Elaine,
229
,
231
–34

Smith papyrus,
39
–41

smoking,
45
,
250
,
251
,
267
–68,
272
,
273
–74,
275
,
445
–46

cancer and,
see
tobacco-cancer link

decrease in,
401

increase in,
240
–42,
445

social networks and,
445
–46

by women,
268
,
445

see also
cigarettes; nicotine; tobacco; tobacco industry

Smoking and Cancer
(Graham),
257

“Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung” (Doll and Hill),
246

snuff,
239
–40

social networks, as risk factors for disease,
445
–46

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr,
4
,
181
,
316
,
461

Sontag, Susan,
vii
,
37
–38,
202
,
306
,
316
,
388
,
449

soot,
173
,
238
,
239
,
364

Sophocles,
321

Sorenson, Beatrice,
153
–55

Special Virus Cancer Program,
175
–76,
280
–81,
356
,
357

specificity, specific affinity,
80
–81,
84
–88,
90
–92,
210
,
222
,
432
,
433
,
434
,
439

Spector, Deborah,
361

Speyer, Maria,
17

Spiegelman, Sol,
186
,
355
–56,
357
,
360
,
362

spinal fluid:

chemotherapy and,
167
–68

leukemia in,
146
–47

spinal taps,
127
,
146

spleen, leukemia and,
14

src
gene,
375
,
418
,
431
,
433

endogenous,
361
–62,
364
,
368
,
371
,
466

viral,
358
–60,
364
,
368
,
370
,
372

stages, staging, of cancers,
55
,
67
,
160
–61,
163
,
164
–65,
218
,
222
,
289
,
290
,
385
,
428
,
463

STAMP (Solid Tumor Autologous Marrow Program) protocol,
310
,
311
–15,
320
,
325
,
326
,
328
–29

as adjuvant therapy,
320

Statistical Unit,
245

statistics:

negative claims in,
197
–98

normalization in,
230
–31;
see also
age-adjusting

staurosporine,
432

Stehelin, Dominique,
361

Stein, Gertrude,
227

stem cells,
398
,
458

sterility, as side effect of chemotherapy,
165

Sternberg, Carl,
157

steroids,
103

stomach cancer,
44
–45,
381
,
456

neurotic stress blamed for,
281

Strax, Philip,
294
–95,
296
,
297
,
299

streptomycin,
22
,
131
–32

stroke,
444

Study in Scarlet, A
(Doyle),
9

SU11248,
468

Subbarao, Yellapragada “Yella,”
30
–31,
33
,
34
,
35
,
87
,
91

sulfa drugs,
110

Sun Tzu,
210

Supreme Court, U.S.,
266

surgeon general, U.S.,
259
–60

smoking-health report of,
260
–62,
264
,
267
,
401

surgeons:

as hostile to chemotherapy,
219
–21

self-confidence of,
66
,
308

surgery,
355
,
405

abdominal,
58