The Edge of the World: How the North Sea Made Us Who We Are (59 page)

47
Alan B. Cobban,
The Medieval
English Universities: Oxford and Cambridge to c1500
(Berkeley, 1988), p.
301.

48
Rainer Christopher Schwinges,
‘Student Education, Student Life’, in Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (ed.),
A History of the University in Europe
, vol. I:
Universities in the
Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1992), pp. 236–8; William J. Courtenay,
Parisian Scholars in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Social Portrait
(Cambridge, 1999), pp. 9, 36 for the
computus
of 1329–30, and Kaye,
Economy and Nature
, p. 7 for the estimate of time spent.

49
Cobban,
Medieval English
Universities
, pp. 146, 159, 149.

50
Quoted in Hilde de Ridder-Symoens,
‘Mobility’, in Ridder-Symoens,
History of the University
, p.
282.

51
James A. Brundage,
The Medieval
Origins of the Legal Profession
(Chicago, 2008), pp. 122–3. I have adjusted
the translation slightly.

52
Courtenay,
Parisian
Scholars
, pp. 82–3.

53
Virpi Mäkinen,
Property Rights in
the Late Medieval Discussion on Franciscan Poverty
(Leuven, 2001), p.
22.

54
A. G. Traver, ‘Rewriting
History? The Parisian Secular Masters’ Apologia of 1254’, in Peter
Denley (ed.),
History of Universities
, vol. XV:
1997–1999
, pp.
9–45.

55
James M. Murray,
Bruges, Cradle
of Capitalism 1280–1390
(Cambridge, 2005), pp. 178ff.

56
Peter Spufford,
Money and Its Use
in Medieval Europe
(Cambridge, 1988), pp. 209, 215, 216.

57
André Goddu, ‘The Impact of
Ockham’s Reading of the “Physics” on the Mertonians and Parisian
Terminists’,
Early Science and Medicine
6, 3 (2001), esp. pp.
214–18.

58
For a discussion of Aquinas, Henry of
Ghent, Duns Scotus and others,
see
Amleto Spicciani,
La mercatura e la formazione del prezzo nella iflessione
teologica medioevale
(Rome, 1977).

59
‘… solum mensuram debitam
non excedat’, in ibid., p. 267, text of Olivi,
Tractatus de emptione et
venditione
, lines 85–6.

60
Spicciani,
Mercatura e la
formazione
, p. 158.

61
Ibid., p. 179.

62
Matthias Flacius,
Catalogus
testium veritatis
(Basle, 1556), p. 876.

63
Lucien Gillard,
Nicole Oresme,
économiste
,
Revue Historique
279, 1/565 (1988), pp. 3ff., and
Marshall Clagett, ‘Nicole Oresme and Medieval Scientific Thought’,
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
108, 4 (1964), pp.
298ff.

1
Joe Flatman,
Ships and Shipping in
Medieval Manuscripts
(London, 2009), pp. 81ff.

2
Kasimirs Slaski, in Albert
d’Haenens,
Europe of the North Sea and the Baltic: The World of the
Hanse
(Brussels, 1984), p. 160.

3
D’Haenens,
Europe of the
North Sea
, p. 201.

4
For the topography of early Bergen, see
Edward C. Harris, ‘Bergen, Bryggen 1972: The Evolution of a Harbour
Front’,
World Archaeology
5, 1 (1973), pp. 69–70, and Asbjørn E.
Herteig, ‘The Excavation of Bryggen, Bergen, Norway’, in Rupert
Bruce-Mitford (ed.),
Recent Archaeological Excavations in Europe
(London,
1975), pp. 65–89.

5
Moira Buxton, ‘Fish-Eating in
Medieval England’, in Harlan Walker (ed.),
Fish: Food from the Waters
(Totnes, 1998), p. 54.

6
Oscar Albert Johnsen, ‘Le
Commerce et la navigation en Norvège au Moyen Âge’,
Revue
Historique
178, 3 (1936), pp. 385ff.; Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz,
Traders,
Ties and Tensions
(Hilversum, 2008), pp. 38–41; Philippe Dollinger,
The
German Hansa
(London, 1970), pp. 49–50; Knut Helle, ‘Norwegian
Foreign Policy and the Maid of Norway’,
Scottish Historical Review
69/188, 2 (1990), pp. 147–8; Nils Hybel, ‘The Grain Trade in Northern Europe
before 1350’,
Economic History Review
55, 2 (2002), pp. 226–7.

7
Fritz Rörig,
The Medieval Town
(Berkeley, 1967), pp. 32–6.

8
Mike Burkhardt, ‘Testing a
Traditional Certainty: The Social Standing
of the
Bergenfahrer
in Late Medieval
Lübeck’, in Geir Atle Ersland and Marco Trebbi (eds.),
Neue Studien zum
Archiv und zur Sprache der Hanseaten
(Bergen, 2008), pp. 84ff.

9
Johannes Schildhauer,
The Hansa:
History and Culture
(Leipzig, 1985), p. 104.

10
Dollinger,
German Hansa
, p.
183; Schildhauer,
Hansa
, p. 104, and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz,
‘Hansards and the “Other”’, in Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz and
Stuart Jenks (eds.),
The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
(Leiden,
2013), pp. 158–9.

11
Wubs-Mrozewicz,
Traders, Ties and
Tensions
, p. 11.

12
Herteig,
Excavation of Bryggen,
Bergen
, pp. 74–9.

13
Hendrik Spruyt,
The Sovereign
State and Its Competitors
(Princeton, 1994), p. 126.

14
Sigrid Samset Mygland,
Children
in Medieval Bergen: An Archaeological Analysis of Child-Related Artefacts
(Bergen, 2007).

15
Haenens,
Europe of the North
Sea
, p. 197.

16
Mike Burkhardt, ‘Policy,
Business, Privacy: Contacts Made by the Merchants of the Hanse Kontor in Bergen in
the Late Middle Ages’, in Hanno Brand (ed.),
Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural
Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North Sea Area and the Baltic
c.1350–1750
(Hilversum, 2005), p. 148.

17
Ibid., pp. 140, 148.

18
Frederich Bruns,
Die Lübecker
Bergenfarhrer und ihre Chronistik: Quellen zur Geschichte der Lübecker
Bergenfarhrer
, vol. 1:
Urkundliche Quellen
(Berlin, 1900), p. 15,
will 14.

19
Ibid., p. 16, will 16.

20
Ibid., p. 64, will 94.

21
Klaus Friedland, ‘Maritime Law
and Piracy: Advantages and Inconveniences of Shipping in the Baltic’, in A. I.
McInnes, T. Riis and F. G. Pedersen (eds.),
Ships, Guns and Bibles in the North
Sea and the Baltic States c1350–c1700
(East Linton, 2000), pp. 32–5.

22
Johnsen, ‘Commerce et la
navigation’, pp. 394–7.

23
Rhiman A. Rotz, ‘The Lübeck
Uprising of 1408 and the Decline of the Hanseatic League’,
Proceedings of
the American Philosophical Society
121, 1 (1977), pp. 1–45.

24
Text in Dollinger,
German
Hansa
, document 26, pp. 411–13.

25
Sebastian I. Sobecki,
The Sea and
Medieval English Literature
(Cambridge, 2008), pp. 32, 140–42.

26
Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz,
‘“Alle goede coepluyden”: Strategies in the Scandinavian Trade
Politics of Amsterdam and Lübeck c1440–1560’, in Hanno Brand and Leos Müller
(eds.),
The Dynamics of Economic Culture in the North Sea and Baltic Region
(Hilversum, 2007), p. 96.

27
Dick E. H. de Boer, ‘Looking
for Security: Merchant Networks and Risk Reduction Strategies’, in Hanno Brand
(ed.),
The German Hanse in Past and Present Europe
(Groningen, 2007), pp.
52–5.

28
Wubs-Mrozewicz,
Traders, Ties and
Tensions
, p. 111n.45.

29
James M. Murray, ‘Bruges as
Hansestadt
’, in Wubs-Mrozewicz and Jenks,
Hanse in Medieval
and Early Modern Europe
, pp. 183–5.

30
Burkhardt, ‘Policy, Business,
Privacy’, in Brand,
Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange
, p.
145.

31
Dollinger,
German Hansa
, pp.
78–81.

32
David Ditchburn, ‘Bremen Piracy
and Scottish Periphery: The North Sea World in the 1440s’, in McInnes et al.,
Ships, Guns and Bibles
, pp. 3–8.

33
D’Haenens,
Europe of the
North Sea
, p. 143.

34
Hendrik Spruyt,
The Sovereign
State and Its Competitors
(Princeton, 1994), pp. 109–29 for a detailed
development of this argument.

35
David Gaimster, ‘A Parallel
History: The Archaeology of Hanseatic Urban Culture in the Baltic
c.1200–1600’,
World Archaeology
37, 3 (2005), pp. 412–19.

36
Anders Reisnert, in Andris Caune and
Ieva Ose (eds.),
The Hansa Town Riga as Mediator between East and West
(Riga, 2009), pp. 210–11, 219.

37
Mike Burkhardt, ‘One Hundred
Years of Thriving Commerce at a Major English Seaport’, in Brand and Müller,
Dynamics of Economic Culture
, pp. 81–2.

38
Wubs-Mrozewicz, ‘“Alle
goede coepluyden”’, in Brand and Müller,
Dynamics of Economic
Culture
, p. 86.

1
Jos de Smet, ‘Een Aanslag tegen
het Brugse Begijnhof’,
Biekorf
27 (1971), pp. 33–7 for the text of
the court judgment on which this is
based; I am very grateful to Willem Kuiper and Lidewijde
Paris for their help with the translation. Cf. Walter Simons,
Cities of Ladies:
Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries 1200–1565
(Philadelphia,
2001), pp. 71–2.

2
For travel speeds on horseback, see
Norbert Ohler,
The Medieval Traveller
(Woodbridge, 2010), pp. 97ff.

3
Marcel de Fréville,
Les Quatres
Âges d’homme de Philippe de Navarre
(Paris, 1888), vol. I, 25,
pp. 16–17.

4
Quoted in Bernard McGinn,
‘Meister Eckhart and the Beguines in the Context of Vernacular
Theology’, in Bernard McGinn (ed.),
Meister Eckhart and the Beguine
Mystics
(New York, 1994), p. 1.

5
Anne Winston-Allen,
Convent
Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages
(University Park, 2004), pp. 66–8.

6
Jean Bethune de Villers (ed. and tr.
Emilie Amt),
Cartulaire du Beguinage de Sainte-Elisabeth à Gand
(Bruges,
1883), in
Women’s Lives in Medieval Europe
(New York, 1993), pp.
263–7.

7
Simons,
Cities of Ladies
, p.
139.

8
Eileen Power (tr. and ed.),
The
Goodman of Paris
(Woodbridge, 2006), pp. 138ff.

9
Hans Geybels,
Vulgariter
Beghinae
(Turnhout, 2004), p. 151.

10
Shennan Hutton,
Women and
Economic Activities in Late Medieval Ghent
(New York, 2011), p. 125.

11
Simons,
Cities of Ladies
,
pp. 73–4, 188nn.71–3.

12
Ibid., p. 123 for satire; p. 80 for
carnival; p. 124 for etymology.

13
Ibid., pp. 63–4.

14
See David Farmer,
Oxford
Dictionary of Saints
, pp. 207–8, under Gertrude of Nivelles.

15
Life of Elizabeth of Spalbeek
, line 527, in Jennifer N. Brown (ed.),
Three Women of Liège
(Turnhout, 2008), p. 50.

16
Saskia Murk-Jansen (tr.), in
Hadewijch and Eckhart
, in McGinn,
Meister Eckhart
, p. 23; cf.
Amy Hollywood, ‘Suffering Transformed’, in McGinn,
Meister
Eckhart
, pp. 87ff.

17
Life of Christina Mirabilis
, in Brown,
Three Women
, pp. 223, 227,
230; p. 65, lines 276, 284, for living as a man; p. 74, lines 472ff., for Jutta.

18
Marie d’Oignies
, in Brown,
Three Women
, p. 57 for married;
pp. 36, 47
for childhood; pp. 64–6 for
cord; p. 81 for husband; p. 98 for ‘hard heat’.

19
For virgin birth and virtues, see
Osbert of Clare’s letters to Adelidis and to his nieces in Vera Morton and
Jocelyn Wogan-Browne,
Guidance for Women in Twelfth-Century Convents
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 23, 116.

20
Life of Christina Mirabilis
, in Brown,
Three Women
, p. 256 for end
of world.

21
I Timothy 4: 1–3.

22
Marie d’Oignies
, in Brown,
Three Women
, p. 104 for lepers;
p. 106 for relatives.

23
Ibid., p. 107, I, 454, for deference;
p. 112, I, 563, for cleanness.

24
Avraham Grossman,
Pious and
Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe
(Waltham, 2004), pp.
117–19.

25
Ibid., p. 74.

26
Simha Goldin,
The Ways of Jewish
Martyrdom
(Turnhout, 2008), pp. 112–17.

27
Ellen E. Kittell, ‘Guardianship
over Women in Medieval Flanders: A Reappraisal’,
Journal of Social
History
31, 4 (1998), pp. 897–930, and James M. Murray,
Bruges, Cradle
of Capitalism 1280–1390
(Cambridge, 2005), pp. 306–26.

28
Elizabeth Lamond (tr.),
Walter de
Henley: Husbandry
 … (London, 1890), p. 75.

29
Hutton,
Women and Economic
Activities
, pp. 119–20.

30
Kittell, ‘Guardianship over
Women’, p. 912.

31
Frederick Pedersen,
Marriage
Disputes in Medieval England
(London, 2000), pp. 153–6.

32
Tine de Moor and Jan Luiten van
Zanden, ‘Girl Power: The European Marriage Pattern and Labour Markets in the
North Sea Region in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Period’,
Economic
History Review
63, 1 (2010), pp. 5–6. This and Kittell, ‘Guardianship
over Women’, are the backbone of my argument here.