The Edge of the World: How the North Sea Made Us Who We Are (56 page)

72
Nelson, ‘England and the
Continent’. I have slightly adjusted Julia Barrow’s translation from the
Liber Eliensis
, I, ch. 41.

73
Mechthild Pörnbacher,
Walahfrid
Strabo, Zwei Legenden
(Sigmaringen, 1997), pp. 36ff. for Latin text of
Versus de Beati Blaithmaic Vita et Fine
, esp. lines 17, 95–8, 132–64.
The English version is mine.

74
Christopher D. Morris,
‘Raiders, Traders and Settlers: The Early Viking Age in Scotland’, in
Clarke et al.,
Ireland and Scandinavia
, p. 77.

75
Dicuil (ed. J. J. Tierney),
Liber
de mensura orbis terrae
, 7, 15 (Dublin, 1967), pp. 76, 77. Dicuil writes
‘nimis marinarum avium’; ‘nimis’ suggests too many, not just
very many.

1
Quoted in Luigi de Anna,
Conoscenza
e Immagine della Finlandia e del Settentrione nella Cultura
Classico-Medievale
(Turku, 1988), p. 111.

2
Charles Doherty, ‘The Viking
Impact upon Ireland’, in Anne-Christine Larsen (ed.),
The Vikings in
Ireland
(Roskilde, 2001), p. 33.

3
Quoted in Judith Jesch,
Women in
the Viking Age
(Woodbridge, 1991), p. 106.

4
See Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ‘The
Vikings and Ireland’, in Stefan Brink and Neil Price (eds.),
The Viking
World
(Abingdon, 2012), pp. 428ff.; and ‘The Vikings in
Ireland’, in Larsen,
The Vikings in Ireland
, pp. 17ff.

5
Annals of Ulster
for 840, quoted in Thomas McErlean, ‘The History of
Nendrum’, in Thomas McErlean and Norman Crothers,
Harnessing the Tides:
The Early Medieval Tide Mills at Nendrum Monastery, Strangford Lough
(Belfast, 2007), p. 313.

6
Ó Corráin, ‘Vikings in
Ireland’, in Brink and Price,
Viking World
, pp. 17ff.

7
Egon Wamers, ‘Insular Finds in
Viking Age Scandinavia’, in Howard B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh and Raghnall
Ó Floinn (eds.),
Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age
(Dublin,
1998), p. 60.

8
Donnchadh Ó Corráin,
‘Bilingualism in Viking Age Dublin’, in John Bradley, Alan J. Fletcher
and Anngret Simms (eds.),
Dublin in the Medieval World
(Dublin, 2009), pp.
71–2.

9
David Wyatt,
Slaves and Warriors in
Medieval Britain and Ireland 800–1200
(Leiden, 2009), pp. 96–7.

10
Ibid., pp. 70–82.

11
Doherty, ‘Viking Impact upon
Ireland’, in Larsen,
Vikings in Ireland
, p. 34.

12
Jan Petersen, ‘British
Antiquities of the Viking Period, Found in Norway’, in Haakon Shetelig,
Viking Antiquities in Great Britain and Ireland
, vol. V (Oslo, 1940),
p. 7.

13
A. T. Lucas, ‘The Plundering
and Burning of Churches in Ireland, 7th to 16th century’, in Etienne Rynne
(ed.),
North Munster Studies
(Limerick, 1967), p. 176. Lucas examined and
counted up the evidence for who raided which church and when, which is the basis for
the arguments that follow.

14
Thomas McErlean, ‘The Mills in
Their Monastic Context: The Archaeology of Nendrum Reassessed’, in McErlean
and Crothers,
Harnessing the Tides
, pp. 324ff.

15
Doherty, ‘Viking Impact upon
Ireland’, in Larsen,
Vikings in Ireland
, p. 32.

16
See McErlean and Crothers,
Harnessing the Tides
; and also Thomas McErlean, Caroline Earwood,
Dermot Moore and Eileen Murphy, ‘The Sequence of Early Christian Period
Horizontal Tide Mills at Nendrum Monastery: An Interim Statement’,
Historical Archaeology
41, 3 (2007), pp. 63–75.

17
See Lucas, ‘Plundering and
Burning’, in Rynne,
North Munster Studies
, for a forensic account of
the evidence.

18
Patrick F. Wallace,
‘Ireland’s Viking Towns’, in Larsen,
Vikings in Ireland
,
pp. 39ff.

19
Howard B. Clarke, ‘Proto-Towns
and Towns in Ireland and Britain in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries’, in Clarke
et al.,
Ireland and Scandinavia
, p. 342.

20
James Graham-Campbell, ‘The
Early Viking Age in the Irish Sea Area’, in Clarke et al.,
Ireland and
Scandinavia
, p. 106.

21
Cf. Harold Mytum, ‘The Vikings
and Ireland’, in James H. Barrett (ed.),
Contact, Continuity and Collapse:
The Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic
(Turnhout, 2003), p. 128.

22
Jean Renaud,
Les Vikings et les
Celtes
(Rennes, 1992), p. 167.

23
Christopher D. Morris,
‘Raiders, Traders and Settlers: The Early Viking Age in Scotland’, in
Clarke et al.,
Ireland and Scandinavia
, p. 90.

24
Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, ‘The
Vikings in Medieval Irish Literature’, in Larsen,
Vikings in Ireland
,
pp. 99, 100, 101, 102.

25
See Richard Hall, ‘York’,
in Brink and Price,
Viking World
, pp. 379ff.; and R. A. Hall et al.,
Aspects of Anglo-Scandinavian York
(York, 2004), in the series
The
Archaeology of York
, 8/4, especially David Rollason,
‘Anglo-Scandinavian York: The Evidence of Historical Sources’, and Allan
Hall and Harry Kenward, ‘Setting People in Their Environment: Plant and Animal
Remains from Anglo-Scandinavian York’.

26
Michael Swanton (ed. and tr.),
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
(London, 1996), p. 111, from Worcester ms.
(D) for 943.

27
Lesley Abrams, ‘The Early
Danelaw: Conquest, Transition and Assimilation’, in Anne-Marie Flambard
Héricher (ed.),
La Progression des Vikings des raids à la colonisation
(Rouen, 2003), pp. 59, 61, 62, 65.

28
Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle
, pp. 74–5.

29
See Hall and Kenward, ‘Setting
People in Their Environment’.

30
Quoted in Rollason,
‘Anglo-Scandinavian York’, p. 322.

31
Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle
, p. 109, from Winchester ms. (A) for 937.

32
Wyatt,
Slaves and Warriors
,
p. 125, quoting the twelfth-century Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh.

33
Quoted in Wyatt,
Slaves and
Warriors
, p. 339.

34
Egge Knol, ‘Frisia in
Carolingian Times’, in Iben Skibsted Klæsøe (ed.),
Viking Trade and
Settlement in Continental Western Europe
(Copenhagen, 2010), pp. 47, 55,
57.

35
Jens Christian Moesgaard,
‘Vikings on the Continent: The Numismatic Evidence’, in Klæsøe,
Viking Trade and Settlement
, pp. 135, 140.

36
Quoted in Wyatt,
Slaves and
Warriors
, pp. 99, 169.

37
See Sigfús Blöndal and Benedikt S.
Benedikz,
The Varangians of Byzantium
(Cambridge, 1978), p. 8 for the
Chinese; p. 180 for Palm Sunday; p. 190 for satires; p. 200 for death; pp. 62–3 for
rape; p. 223 for Swedish law; pp. 54ff. for Harald Hardrada; p. 61 for poem; p. 64
for Jerusalem.

38
Þorsteinn Vilhjálmsson,
‘Navigation and Vínland’, in Andrew Wawn and Þórunn Sigurðardóttir,
Approaches to Vínland
(Reykjavik, 2001), pp. 108ff.

39
Árni Björnsson,
‘Prerequisites for Saga Writing’, in Wawn and Sigurðardóttir,
Approaches to Vínland
, pp. 53–5.

40
P. Schledermann and K. M. McCullough,
‘Inuit-Norse Contact in the Smith Sound Region’, in Barrett,
Contact, Continuity and Collapse
, pp. 184–5.

41
Keneva Kunz (tr.),
The Saga of
the Greenlanders
, in Gísli Sigurdsson (ed.) and Keneva Kunz (tr.),
The
Vinland Sagas
(London, 2008), p. 3.

42
Birgitta Linderoth Wallace,
‘L’Anse aux Meadows and Vinland’, in Barrett,
Contact,
Continuity and Collapse
, pp. 207ff.

43
Erik the Red’s Saga
, in Sigurdsson and Kunz,
Vinland Sagas
,
p. 46.

44
Jenny Jochens uses the word
‘molest’ in this context. See ‘The Western Voyages: Women and
Vikings’, in Wawn and Sigurðardóttir,
Approaches to Vínland
, p.
84.

45
The Saga of the Greenlanders
, in Sigurdsson and Kunz,
Vinland
Sagas
, p. 4 for characters; pp. 17–20 for deals and murders.

46
Erik the Red’s Saga
, in Sigurdsson and Kunz,
Vinland Sagas
,
p. 48.

47
For commentary on the saga stories,
see William P. L. Thomson,
The New History of Orkney
(Edinburgh, 2008), pp.
109–12.

48
Based on Herman Pálsson and Paul
Edwards (tr.),
Orkneyinga Saga
(London, 1978), pp. 214–18; ‘greatest
man’ at section 108; spring and autumn trips at section 105; last trip and
death at sections 107, 108.

1
The Saga of Hacon
and a fragment of the
Saga of Magnus
in G. W.
Dasent (tr.),
Icelandic Sagas
, vol. IV (London, 1894), p. 266.

2
Richard Vaughan (tr. and ed.),
The
Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris
(Stroud, 1993), p. 75.

3
Dasent,
Icelandic Sagas
, p.
266.

4
Vaughan,
Illustrated
Chronicles
, pp. 75–6.

5
Ibid., p. 76; Dasent,
Icelandic
Sagas
, p. 267.

6
Herman Palsson and Paul Edwards (tr.).
Orkneyinga Saga
, ch. 60, p. 109 for the Grimsby trip; p. 110 for the
clothes.

7
Snorri Sturluson (tr. Lee M.
Hollander),
Heimskringla
(Austin, 1964), chs. 2–3, pp. 664–5.

8
Ibid., ch. 31, p. 816.

9
Gitte Hansen, ‘Luxury for
Everyone? – Embroideries on Leather Shoes and the Consumption of Silk Yarn in
11th–13th Century Northern Europe’, in Angela Ling Huang and Carsten Janhnke
(eds.),
Textiles and the Medieval Economy
(Oxford, forthcoming 2014).

10
Henri Joseph L. Baudrillart,
Histoire du luxe privé et public,
vol. III (Paris, 1881), pp.
250–51.

11
See Else Østergård,
Woven into
the Earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland
(Aarhus, 2009), p. 39 for use of
sheep; p. 62 for
vaðmál
; pp. 95–7 for garment construction; p. 146 for
imported cloth.

12
Quoted in Østergård,
Woven into
the Earth
, p. 144.

13
Margaret Scott,
Medieval Dress
and Fashion
(London, 2007), p. 169; p. 145 for necklines.

14
Gisela and Eberhard, Count of Friuli,
cited in ibid., p. 16.

15
Laura F. Hodges, ‘A
Reconsideration of the Monk’s Costume’, in
Chaucer Review
26, 2
(1991), p. 143n.9, citing C. G. Coulton,
Five Centuries of Religion
(Cambridge, 1923).

16
Bede,
Life of Cuthbert
, in
J. F. Webb and D. H. Farmer (trs.),
The Age of Bede
(London, 1988), p.
67.

17
Ernst Dümmler (ed.),
Epistolae
Karolini aevi
, vol. II (Berlin, 1895), letter 21, p. 59.

18
Hodges, ‘Reconsideration of the
Monk’s Costume’, pp. 134–5.

19
Janet M. Cowen and Jennifer C. Ward,
‘Al myn array is bliew, what nedith more?’, in Cordelia Beattie et al.
(eds.),
The Medieval Household in Christian Europe c.850–c.1550
(Turnhout,
2003), p. 117.

20
See Michèle Beaulieu and Jeanne
Baylé,
Le Costume de Bourgogne de Philippe le Hardi à Charles le Téméraire
(Paris, 1956).

21
Francisque-Michel (ed.),
Le Roman
de la Rose
(Paris, 1864), vol. II, p. 10.

22
Martha C. Howell,
Commerce before
Capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600
(Cambridge, 2010), pp. 210–11.

23
See Kay Stanisland, ‘Getting
There, Got It: Archaeological Textiles and Tailoring in London 1330–1580’, in
David Gaimster and Paul Stamper (eds.),
The Age of Transition: The Archaeology
of English Culture 1400–1600
(Oxford, 1997), pp. 239–40.

24
Michael Rocke,
Forbidden
Friendships
(New York, 1996), p. 30.

25
For a discussion of the wider motives
for sumptuary laws, see Howell,
Commerce before Capitalism
, pp. 208ff.

26
Scott,
Medieval Dress and
Fashion
, pp. 80, 131, 166, 126.

27
Ibid., pp. 44–5.

28
Beaulieu and Baylé,
Costume de
Bourgogne
, say Poland; Scott,
Medieval Dress and Fashion
, names
Fulk, Count of Anjou.

29
Le Testament Maistre Jehan de Meun
, lines 1195–1201; see Silvia Buzzetti
Gallarati,
Le Testament Maistre Jehan de Meun, un caso literario
(Alessandria, 1989), p. 171 for text; p. 85 for commentary.

30
E. Nicaise et al. (eds.),
Chirugerie de maître Henri de Mondeville
 … (Paris, 1893), pp.
591–3.

31
James M. Dean (ed.),
Richard the
Redeless and Mom and the Sothsegger
(Kalamazoo, 2000), III, lines
221–34.

32
See Camilla Luise Dahl,
‘Mengiað klæthe and tweskifte klædher’, in Kathrine Vestergård Pedersen
and Marie-Louise B. Nosch,
The Medieval Broadcloth
(Oxford, 2009), pp.
129ff.

33
Testament
, lines 1277–80, 1313–14, in Gallarati,
Testament Maistre
Jehan de Meun
, pp. 174, 176.