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Authors: Marion Nestle

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27
. Kaiser J. Pests overwhelm
Bt
cotton crop.
Science
1996;273:423.

28
. Benson S, Arax M, Burstein R. A growing concern: as biotech crops come to market, neither scientists—who take industry money—nor federal regulators are adequately protecting consumers and farmers.
Mother Jones
, 1997; January/February:36–43,66,68,71.

29
. Kling J. Could transgenic supercrops one day breed superweeds?
Science
1996;274:180–181. Also see: Mikkelsen TR, Anderson B, Jorgensen RB. The risk of crop transgene spread.
Nature
1996;380:31.

30
. Scott SE, Wilkinson MJ. Low probability of chloroplast movement from oilseed rape (
Brassica napus
) into wild
Brassica rapa. Nature Biotechnology
1999;17:390–393. Saxena D, Flores S, Stotzky G. Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from
Bt
corn.
Nature
1999;402:480. Kuiper HA, Kleter GA, Noordam MY. Risks of the release of transgenic herbicide-resistant plants with respect to humans, animals, and the environment.
Crop Protection
2000;19:773–778.

31
. Benbrook C. Do GM crops mean less pesticide use?
Pesticide Outlook
2001;October:204–207.

32
. Reichhardt T. US sends mixed message in GM debate . . . as questions emerge over cost effectiveness.
Nature
1999;400:298. Wolfenbarger LL, Phifer PR. The ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants.
Science
2000;290:2088–2093.

33
. Carpenter JE.
Case Studies in Benefits and Risks of Agricultural Biotechnology: Roundup Ready Soybeans and
Bt
Field Corn
. Washington, DC: National Center for Food and Agriculture Policy, January 2001. Fernandez-Cornejo J, McBride WD.
Adoption of Bioengineered Crops
(Ag. Econ. Rep. No. AER810), USDA/ERS, May 2002. Benbrook CM.
The
Bt
Premium Price: What Does it Buy?
Minneapolis, MN: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, February 2002, at
www.gefoodalert.org/library/admin/uploadedfiles/
Bt_Premium_Price_What_Does_It_Buy_The.pdf
.

34
. Simon S. Biotech soybeans plant seed of risky revolution.
Los Angeles Times
, July 1, 2001:A1.

35
. Technical points: To construct soybeans resistant to Roundup, Monsanto scientists selected variants of
Agrobacterium
resistant to glyphosate, isolated the gene for the resistant enzyme, and introduced that
Agrobacterium
gene into soybeans (see appendix). Glyphosate is the common name for N-phosphonomethyl glycine, an amino acid analog that inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (alternatively called 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase), which catalyzes synthesis of aromatic amino acids—tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine—in plant, bacterial, and fungal (but not animal) cells. See: Cobb A.
Herbicides and Plant Physiology
. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992:6.1–6.3. Rogers SG. Biotechnology and the soybean.
Am J Clinical Nutrition
1998;68(suppl):1330s–1332s.

36
. Monsanto. Responses to questions raised and statements made by environmental/consumer groups and other critics of biotechnology and Roundup Ready soybeans, April 21, 1997, at
http://db.zs-intern.de/uploads/1190982382-monsantoGlyphosateResistantWeeds1997.pdf
.

37
. Paoletti MG, Pimentel D. Environmental risks of pesticides versus genetic engineering for agricultural pest control.
J Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
2000;12:279–303.

38
. Cox C. Glyphosate: Part 1: toxicology. Part 2: human exposure and ecological effects.
J Pesticide Reform
1995;15(3):14–21 and 1995;15(4):14–20.

39
. Coghlan A. Splitting headache: Monsanto’s modified soya beans are cracking up in the heat.
New Scientist
, November 20, 1999:25.

40
. CDC. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome—New Mexico.
JAMA
1989; 262:3116. Mayeno AN, Gleich GJ. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and tryptophan production: a cautionary tale.
Trends in Biotechnology
1994;12:346–352. Philin RM, Hill RH, Flanders WD, et al. Tryptophan contaminants associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.
Am J Epidemiology
1993;138:154–159.

41
. Kilbourne EM, Philen RM, Kamb ML, et al. Tryptophan produced by Showa Denko and epidemic eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.
J Rheumatology
1996;23(suppl 46):81–88. Also see: Sternberg EM. Intimidation of researchers by special-interest groups (letter).
NEJM
1997;337:1316. In response, the editor of
J Rheumatology
, D.A. Gordon, said that the Showa Denko–sponsored “reports and our editorial process qualify as unbiased peer review” (1316–1317).

42
. Pusztai A.
Report of the Project Coordinator on Data Produced at the Rowett Research Institute
, SOAEFD (Scottish Office, Agriculture Environment & Fisheries Department) Flexible Fund Project RO 818, October 22, 1998, at
www.rowett.ac.uk/gmo
.

43
. Enserink M. Institute copes with genetic hot potato.
Science
1998;281: 1124–1125. Biotech: the pendulum swings back.
Rachel’s Environment & Health Weekly
, May 16, 1999. Health risks of genetically modified foods (letters).
Lancet
1999;353:1811.

44
. Berger A. Hot potato.
British Medical J
1999;318:611.

45
. Bourne FJ, Chesson A, Davies H, et al.
Audit of Data Produced at the Rowett Research Institute
, SOAEFD (Scottish Office, Agriculture Environment & Fisheries Department) Flexible Fund Project RO 818, August 21, 1998, at
www.rowett.ac.uk/gmoarchive/gmaudit.pdf
. Enserink M. Preliminary data touch off
genetic food fight.
Science
1999;283:1094–1095. Christie B. Scientists call for moratorium on genetically modified foods.
British Medical J
1999;318:483.

46
. Coghlan A, Concar D, MacKenzie D. Frankenfears.
New Scientist
, February 20, 1999:4.

47
. Ewen WB, Pusztai A. Health risks of genetically modified foods (letter).
Lancet
1999;354:684.

48
. The Royal Society.
Review of Data on Possible Toxicity of GM Potatoes
, May 18, 1999, at
http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=6170
. Hoge W. Britons skirmish over genetically modified crops.
NYT
, August 23, 1999:A3. Ellison S. U.K. study dismisses research faulting genetically altered food.
WSJ
, May 19, 1999:A19.

49
. Ewen SWB, Pusztai A. Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing
Galanthus nivalis
lectin on rat small intestine.
Lancet
1999;354:1353–1354. Fenton B, Stanley K, Fenton S, et al. Differential binding of the insecticidal lectin GNA to human blood cells.
Lancet
1999;354:1354–1355. Kuiper HA, Noteborn HPJM, Peijnenburg AACM. Adequacy of methods for testing the safety of genetically modified foods.
Lancet
1999;354:1315–1316.

50
. Horton R. Genetically modified foods: “absurd” concern or welcome dialogue?
Lancet
1999;354:1314–1315.

51
. Flynn L, Gillard MS. Pro-GM food scientist “threatened editor.”
Guardian
(London), November 1, 1999, at
www.guardian.co.uk/science/1999/nov/01/gm.food
. See: Correspondence: GM food debate.
Lancet
1999;354:1725–1729. En-serink M. The
Lancet
scolded over Pusztai paper.
Science
1999;286:656.

52
. Losey JE, Rayor LS, Carter ME. Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae.
Nature
1999;399:214.

53
. Stix G. The butterfly effect: new research findings and European jitters could cloud the future for genetically modified crops.
Scientific American
, August 1999:28–29. The finding inspired a book: Jack A.
Imagine a World without Monarch Butterflies: Awakening to the Hazards of Genetically Altered Foods
. Becket, MA: One Peaceful World Press, 1999. Kucinich DJ.
Statement before the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
. 106th Congress, 1st Session, October 7, 1999, at
http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/Hearings_1999/kuc99107.htm
.

54
. Steyer R. Scientists discount threat to butterfly from altered corn.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, November 2, 1999:A5.

55
. Biotechnology Industry Organization. Scientific symposium to show no harm to monarch butterfly (press release). Chicago, November 2, 1999.

56
. Yoon CK. No consensus on effect of genetically altered corn on butterflies.
NYT
, November 4, 1999:A20.

57
. Wraight CL, Zangerl AR, Carroll MJ, et al. Absence of toxicity of
Bacillus thuringiensis
pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2000;97:7700–7703. Milius S.
Bt
corn variety OK for black swallowtails.
Science News
June 10, 2000:372.

58
. Yoon CK. New data in duel of biotech corn vs. butterflies.
NYT
, August 22, 2000:D2. Jesse LC, Obrycki JJ. Field deposition of
Bt
transgenic corn pollen: lethal effects on the monarch butterfly.
Oecologia
2000;125:241–248.

59
. Kaplan JK.
Bt
corn not a threat to monarchs.
Agricultural Research
2002;50:16–18.

60
. Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, et al. Impact of
Bt
corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2001;98:11937–11942 (other papers, 11908–11936). The journal posted the papers online prior to publication at
www.pnas.org
. Pollack A. Data on genetically modified corn: reports say threat to monarch butterflies is “negligible.”
NYT
, September 8, 2001:C2.

61
. EPA. Biotechnology corn approved for continued use (press release), October 16, 2001, at
http://yosemite1.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/
8db7a83e66e0f7d085256ae7005d6ec2
.

62
. GAO.
Genetically Modified Foods: Experts View Regimen of Safety Tests as Adequate, but FDA’s Evaluation Process Could Be Enhanced
(GAO-02-566), May 2002. Office of Science and Technology Policy. Proposed federal actions to update field test requirements for biotechnology derived plants and to establish early food safety assessments for new proteins produced by such plants.
FR
67:50577-50580, August 2, 2002. National Research Council.
Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation
. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. National Research Council.
Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns
, August 20, 2002. Online:
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309084393/html
.

CHAPTER 7. THE POLITICS OF GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT

1
. OTA.
A New Technological Era for American Agriculture
(OTA-F-475), 1992. Office of Science and Technology Policy. Coordinated framework for regulation of biotechnology: announcement of policy and notice for public comment.
FR
51:23302–23393, June 26, 1986.

2
. USDA/APHIS
Questions and Answers on Biotechnology Permits for Genetically Engineered Plants and Microorganisms
(APHIS 21-35-001), April 1991. Also see: MacKenzie DR. Agricultural biotechnology, law, APHIS regulation. In: Murray TH, Mehlman MJ, eds.
Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology
. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000:56–66.

3
. Institute for Food Technology. IFT expert report on biotechnology and foods: introduction.
Food Technology
2000;54(8):124–136. Also see: 54(9):53–61 (safety evaluation), 54(9):62–74 (labeling), and 54(10):61–79 (benefits and concerns).

4
. Kilman S. Growing pains: genetic engineering’s biggest impact may eventually be in agriculture. The key word: eventually.
WSJ
, May 30, 1994: R7. OTA.
Biotechnology in a Global Economy
(OTA-BA-494), 1991. Thomas JA. Biotechnology: therapeutic and nutritional products. In: Thomas JA, ed.
Biotechnology and Safety Assessment
. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1998:283–300.

5
. Bauman DE, DeGeeter MJ, Peel CJ, et al. Effect of recombinantly derived bovine growth hormone (BGH) on lactational performance of high yielding dairy cows (Abstract P 86).
J Dairy Science
1982;65(suppl):121. Pell AN, Tsang DS, Howlett BA, et al. Effects of a prolonged-release formulation of Sometribove (n-methionyl bovine somatotropin) on Jersey cows.
J Dairy Science
1992;75:3416–3431.
Liebhardt WC, ed.
The Dairy Debate: Consequences of Bovine Growth Hormone and Rotational Grazing Technologies
. Davis: University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, 1993.

6
. Violand BN, Schlittler MR, Lawson CQ, et al. Isolation of
Escherichia coli
synthesized recombinant eukaryotic proteins that contain ε-N-acetyllysine.
Protein Science
1994;3:1089–1097. This amino acid replaced lysine in a “significant portion” of rBGH proteins.

7
. Brody JE. Of Luddites, cows, and biotechnology miracles.
NYT
, November 17, 1993:C17.

8
. Schneider K. Stores bar milk produced by drug: five big chains take action—U.S. calls process safe.
NYT
, August 24, 1989:A1,A18. Sun M. Market sours on milk hormone.
Science
1989;246:876–877.

9
. Juskevich DC, Guyer CG. Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation.
Science
1990;249:875–884. Office of Medical Applications of Research.
Bovine Somatotropin
. In:
National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement
, December 5–7, 1990. Washington, DC, 1991. Miller H. Putting the bST human-health controversy to rest.
Bio/Technology
1992;10:147.

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