Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety (56 page)

12
.
USDA’s “Discretionary Inspection” Plan for Meat and Poultry Processing Plants
. House of Representative Committee on Government Operations. Hearing before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee. 101st Congress, 1st Session, April 11, 1989. Quotations: Carol Tucker Foreman, 59–60; Delmer Jones, 4; Thomas Devine, 66.

13
. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System
. Washington, DC: USDA and FDA, March 20, 1992. Waites WM, Arbuthnott JP. Foodborne illness: an overview.
Lancet
1990;336:722–725.

14
. GAO.
Food Safety and Quality: Uniform, Risk-Based Inspection System Needed to Ensure Safe Food Supply
(GAO/RCED-92-152), June 1992. USDA/FSIS. Streamlined inspection system: cattle and staffing standards.
FR
53:48262–48275, November 30, 1988.

15
. Crutchfield S. Food safety at a glance.
FoodReview
1998;21(3):34–35.

16
. Committee on Evaluation of USDA Streamlined Inspection System for Cattle (SIS-C).
Cattle Inspection
. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990:4.

17
. CDC. Update: Multistate outbreak of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 infections from hamburgers—Western United States, 1992–93.
JAMA
1993;269:2194–2196. Bell BP, Goldoft M, Griffin PM, et al. A multistate outbreak of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7–associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers: the Washington experience.
JAMA
1994;272:1349–1353.

18
. Egan T. Tainted hamburger raises doubts on meat safety.
NYT
, January 27, 1993:A10.

19
. Tolchin M. Clinton orders hiring of 160 meat inspectors.
NYT
, February 12, 1993:A23.

20
. Nugent RJ.
Statement on Food Safety and Government Regulation of Coliform Bacteria
. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Research, Conservation, Forestry, and General Legislation of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. 103rd Congress, 1st Session :34, February 5, 1993. Mr. Nugent was president of Jack in the Box (headquarters: San Diego, CA).

21
. Pollack A. A battle-scarred burger warrior.
NYT
, October 3, 1999:A2.
Schneider K. Clinton proposes to change the way meat is inspected.
NYT
, March 17, 1993:A1,A18.

22
. Modernizing meat inspections (editorial).
NYT
, April 2, 1993:A32.

23
. Altman LK. Lessons are sought in outbreak of illness from tainted meat.
NYT
, February 9, 1993:C3. Sullivan A. Machines speed testing of food for bacteria.
WSJ
, July 15, 1996:B1.

24
. Wachsmuth IK.
Escherichia coli
O157:H7—harbinger of change in food safety and tradition in the industrialized world.
Food Technology
1997;51(10):26.

25
. Burros M. Agriculture dept. policy blamed for tainted food.
NYT
, March 3, 1993:C1,C4.

26
. Quoted in Fox N.
Spoiled: The Dangerous Truth About a Food Chain Gone Haywire
. New York: Basic Books, 1997:256–57. Later quotation: 245.

27
. Beyond Beef, USDA agree on meat handling labels.
Nutrition Week
, May 7, 1993:3.

28
. Burros M. U.S. intends to require label on meat’s cooking.
NYT
, May 6, 1993:A18.

29
. Burros M. Agriculture dept. unveils cooking labels for meat.
NYT
, August 12, 1993:A18. Most safety labeling on meat is postponed.
NYT
, October 10, 1993:25. DeWaal C. Remarks to the Association of Food Journalists, Washington, DC, September 7, 1997.

30
. Sugarman C. Court blocks safety labels on meat products.
Washington Post
, October 15, 1993:A11.

31
. Egan T. A year later, raw meat still lacks labels.
NYT
, December 20, 1993:A1,D10.

32
. Baquet D, Johnston D. U.S. expanding scope in review of gifts to Agriculture secretary.
NYT
, August 7, 1994:A1,A24. Johnston D. Agriculture chief quits as scrutiny of conduct grows.
NYT
, October 4, 1994:A1,A16.

33
. Greenhouse L. High court voids theory used to press independent counsel’s cases over gifts to Espy.
NYT
, April 28, 1999:A26.

34
. Burros M. Agriculture dept. scraps poultry bacteria plan.
NYT
, October 27, 1994:A20.

35
. Van Natta D, Lacey M. Access proved vital in last-minute race for Clinton pardons.
NYT
, February 25, 2001:A1,A14.

36
. Cross HR. Testimony before Senate Agriculture Committee, February 5, 1993. Quoted in: Foreman CT.
Hearing statement before the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, Subcommittee on Technology, Environment and Aviation
, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session, May 5, 1994:5.

37
. Taylor MR. Change and opportunity: harnessing innovation to improve the safety of the food supply (speech). American Meat Institute annual convention, San Francisco, CA, September 29, 1994.

38
. Beers A. FSIS expands
E. coli
O157:H7 adulteration policy.
FCN
, January 18, 1999:3,17,18.

39
. American Meat Institute. Meat and supermarket industries say USDA “misleading consumers” (press release). Washington, DC, November 1, 1994.

40
. Donnelly J. As
E. coli
sampling commences, lobbyists throw down gauntlet.
Food & Drink Daily
, October 25, 1994.

41
. Food industry opposes food safety initiative.
Nutrition Week
, November 4, 1994:7.

42
. The meat industry’s bad beef (editorial).
NYT
, November 20, 1994:A14.

43
. Judge upholds USDA program to test meat. Archived:
The Victoria Advocate
, December 14, 1994 at
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19941214&id=sTMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=
MUsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4778,2876108
.
Texas Food Industry Association, et al
. v.
Mike Espy, et al
., 870 F. Supp. 143 (W.D. Tex. 1994).

44
. Pratt, S. Some unsavory questions for meat industry group.
Chicago Tribune
, November 3, 1994:1,10.

45
. Heersink M. Memo to Safe Food Coalition (leaflet). November 2, 1994. Mary Heersink was a founder of Safe Tables Our Priority (STOP). Her son survived infection with
E. coli
O157:H7.

46
. USDA/FSIS. HACCP-based meat and poultry inspection concepts.
FR
62:31553–31562, June 10, 1997. Ingersoll B. Meat industry spurred to revise policies.
WSJ
, August 27, 1997:A3.

1
. DeWaal CS, Barlow K, Alderton L, et al.
Outbreak Alert! Closing the Gaps in Our Federal Food Safety Net
. Washington, DC: CSPI, October 2001. FDA. Development of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points for the food industry: request for comments.
FR
59:39888–39896, August 4, 1994. Quote: 39889–39890. See:
www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/HazardAnalysis
CriticalControlPointsHACCP/default.htm
.

2
. FDA/CFSAN.
Second Interim Report of Observations and Comments: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Pilot Program for Selected Food Manufacturers. HACCP: A State-of-the-Art Approach to Food Safety
(FDA Backgrounder). FDA/CFSAN, August 1999, at
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/haccpoth.html
.

3
. FDA. New egg safety steps announced, safe-handling labels and refrigeration will be required.
HHS News
, July 1, 1999. Also see: FDA. Procedures for the safe and sanitary processing and importing of fish and fishery products; final rule.
FR
60:65095–65202, December 18, 1995. FDA. Consumers advised of risks associated with raw sprouts.
HHS News
, July 9, 1999.

4
. GAO.
Food Safety: Federal Oversight of Seafood Does Not Sufficiently Protect Consumers
(GAO-01-204), January 2001. GAO.
Food Safety: Federal Oversight of Shellfish Safety Needs Improvement
(GA)-0-702), July 2001. Abboud L. Bad fish slips through FDA’s safety net.
WSJ
, October 9, 2002: D1,D2.

5
. USDA/FSIS. Pathogen Reduction: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems: proposed rule.
FR
60:6774–6889, February 3, 1995. USDA/FSIS. Final rule with request for comments.
FR
61:38806–38989, July 25, 1996. USDA documents on food safety are online at:
www.fsis.usda.gov
.

6
.
U.S. Meat and Poultry Inspection Issues
. Joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Department Operations and Nutrition and the Subcommittee on Livestock. 103rd Congress, 2nd Session, April 19, 1994. Statement of Bruce Tompkin, vice president, Product Safety, Armour Swift-Eckrich: 114.

7
. American Meat Institute. Meat and Supermarket Industries Say USDA “Misleading Consumers” (press release). Washington, DC, November 1, 1994. Foreman CT. Statement (press conference), National Press Club, Washington DC, May 30, 1995.

8
. Schulte B. Inspection changes for meat assailed.
Philadelphia Inquirer
, June 16, 1995:A3. Meat and Poultry Processors Use “Bare-Knuckled Tactics” to Delay Food Safety Reforms (press release). CSPI, June 22, 1995.

9
. Morgan D. Industry finds a way around budget cutters: House Appropriations Panel proves friendlier to corporate subsidies.
Washington Post
, June 26, 1995:A1.

10
. Jouzaitis C. Food safety regulations face challenge.
Chicago Tribune
, July 10, 1995:A1. Cushman JH. Narrow defeat for a measure on bad meat.
NYT
, July 13, 1995:B9. Burros M. Congress moving to revamp rules on food safety: reducing federal role.
NYT
, July 3, 1995:1,28. The Dole bill was S. 343, 104th Congress.

11
. The Republican assault on meat safety (editorial).
NYT
, June 22, 1995:A26. Jacobson MJ, DeWaal CS. GOP rhetoric masks an attack on overdue clean-meat rules.
San Francisco Examiner
, June 27, 1995:A15.

12
. Rogers D. House panel slows food-safety rules, maintains ban on offshore oil drilling.
WSJ
, June 28, 1995:A4.

13
. Herbert B. Let them eat poison.
NYT
, July 3, 1995:21.

14
. Meat safety rules back on track—USDA’s Glickman (news release).
Reuters News Service
, July 19, 1995.

15
. Meat Industry Agenda Fails Again (press release). Washington, DC: S.T.O.P. (Safe Tables Our Priority), July 20, 1995.

16
. Jouzaitis C. Rollback of meat testing stalls in House.
Chicago Tribune
, July 20, 1995:3. DeWaal C. Remarks before the Association of Food Journalists Convention (speech). Washington, DC, September 7, 1997.

17
. USDA/FSIS. Generic HACCP models and guidance materials available for review and comment.
FR
61:32053–32054, June 12, 1997.

18
. Burros M. Plan for food safety panel is criticized.
NYT
, April 1, 1996:A14.

19
. Ingersoll B. Meat inspectors omit duties as work grows.
WSJ
, May 23, 1996:B1,B6. Center for Public Integrity.
Safety Last: The Politics of
E. coli
and Other Food-Borne Killers
. Washington, DC, 1998.

20
. GAO.
Food Safety: New Initiatives Would Fundamentally Alter the Existing System
(GAO-RCED-96-81), March 1996.

21
. Purdum TS. Meat inspections facing overhaul, first in 90 years.
NYT
, July 7, 1996:A1,A11.

22
. Buzby JC, Crutchfield SR. USDA modernizes meat and poultry inspection.
FoodReview
1997;20(1):14–17. Crutchfield S, Buzby JC, Roberts T, et al.
An Economic Assessment of Food Safety Regulations: The New Approach to Meat and Poultry Inspection
(Agricultural Economic Report No. 755), USDA/ERS, July 1997.

23
. Belluck P. Juice-poisoning case brings guilty plea and a huge fine.
NYT
, July 24, 1998:A12.

24
. Questions of pasteurization raised after
E. coli
is traced to juice.
NYT
, November 4, 1996:A17.

25
. Drew C, Belluck P. Deadly bacteria a new threat to fruit and produce in the U.S.
NYT
, January 4, 1998:1,14. Clay T, Goldberg R.
Odwalla, Inc
(case study). Boston: Harvard Business School, November 5, 1997:30.

26
. Belluck P. Accord is reached in food-poisoning case: juice maker’s multimillion-dollar settlement may be a landmark.
NYT
, May 27, 1998:A16.

27
. Coca-Cola will buy Odwalla, maker of fruit drinks.
NYT
, October 31, 2001:C4. Odwalla provides ongoing financial reports on its Web site:
www.odwalla.com
.

28
. Food labeling: warning and notice statement; labeling of juice products: final rule.
FR
63:37030–37056, July 8, 1998. The term “5-logs” means 5 logarithmic units, indicating a 100,000-fold reduction. FDA deemed a reduction of this size to indicate that there would be no significant microbiological hazard during the shelf life of the product.

29
. Richards B. Odwalla’s woes are a lesson for natural-food industry: FDA seeks tighter quality controls as
E. coli
outbreak raises concerns.
WSJ
, November 4, 1996:B4.

30
. FDA. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP); procedures for the safe and sanitary processing and importing of juice: final rule.
FR
66:6137–6202, January 19, 2001.