Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety (58 page)

26
. Leonard RE. 1997: the year of living dangerously.
Nutrition Week
, February 6, 1998:4–5. Chicken: what you don’t know can hurt you.
Consumer Reports
, March 1998:12–18.

27
. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. Public Law 107-171, 107th Congress, 2nd Session, May 13, 2002. 116 Stat. 134. Liddle AJ. DQ field tests irradiated burgers as farm bill relaxes labeling law.
Nation’s Restaurant News
, May 20, 2002:3,234.

28
. Kolata G, Drew C. Long quest for safer food revisits radiation method.
NYT
, December 4, 1997:A1,A24.

29
. Frenzen PD, Majchrowicz A, Buzby JC, et al. Consumer acceptance of irradiated meat and poultry products.
Issues in Food Safety Economics
(Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 757), USDA/ERS, August 2000.

30
.
Consumers’ Views on Food Irradiation
. Washington, DC: Food Marketing Institute and Grocery Manufacturers of America, 1998. These are trade organizations for grocery retailers, wholesalers, and food and beverage product companies.

31
. Expert Panel on Food Safety and Nutrition. Irradiation of food.
Food Technology
1998;52:56–62. Morrison RM, Buzby JC, Lin C-TJ. Irradiating ground beef to enhance food safety.
FoodReview
1997;20(1):33–37. Buzby JC, Morrison RM. Food irradiation—an update.
FoodReview
1999;22(3):21–22.

32
. Fulmer M. Hum of interest builds around irradiated food.
Los Angeles Times
, November 20, 2001:C1.

33
. Leonard R. Food safety mismanagement puts consumer health at risk.
Nutrition Week
, April 16, 1999:4–5.

34
. DeWaal CS, Barlow K, Alderton L, et al.
Outbreak Alert! Closing the Gaps in Our Federal Food-Safety Net
. Washington, DC: CSPI, October 2001.

35
. Headrick ML, Korangy S, Bean NH, et al. The epidemiology of raw milk–associated foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the United States, 1973 through 1992.
Am J Public Health
1998;88:1219–1221. CDC. Outbreak of
Listeriosis
associated with homemade Mexican-style cheese—North Carolina, October 2000–January 2001.
MMWR
2001;50:560–562. Cody SH, Abbott SL, Marfin AA, et al. Two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant
Salmonella
serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Northern California.
JAMA
1999;281:1805–1810. Villar RG, Macek MD, Simons S, et al. Investigation of multidrug-resistant
Salmonella
serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Washington State.
JAMA
1999;281:1811–1816.

36
. Keene WE. Lessons from investigations of foodborne disease outbreaks.
JAMA
1999;281:1845–1847.

37
. Wakin DJ. New scrutiny of cheese offends refined palates.
NYT
, July 14, 2000:B1,B9.

38
. American Cheese Society. Platform of the American Cheese Society Regarding Mandatory Pasteurization (flyer). Distributed at the National Association for the Specialty Food Trade Fancy Food Show, New York, July 11–14, 1999. The society, which promotes American-made specialty cheeses, is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. Online:
www.cheesesociety.org
.

39
. USDA/FSIS. Pathogen reduction: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems: proposed rule.
FR
60:6774–6889, February 3, 1995.

40
. Sara Lee pleads guilty to selling adulterated meat from Michigan plant.
Detroit Free Press
, June 23, 2001, at
www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286–8343460_ITM
. USDA/FSIS. Owners of Texas Firm Sentenced for Selling Adulterated Meat Products (press release), January 2, 2002.

41
. Steinhauer J. Number of victims of
E. coli
poisoning in upstate New York grows to nearly 300.
NYT
, September 9, 1999:B5. Barstow D. A wholesome tradition tainted:
E. coli
takes terrible toll on families and fair’s future.
NYT
, September 20, 1999:B1,B6.

42
. Institute of Medicine.
Ensuring Safe Food: From Production to Consumption
. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998. Quotations: v–vi, 12–13.

43
. Food Marketing Institute.
Long-Range Priorities for Food Safety
(adopted by the FMI Board of Directors). Washington, DC, October 28, 1988. Also see:
White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health, Final Report
, 1970:129–141. Smith RJ. Institute of Medicine report recommends complete overhaul of food safety laws.
Science
1979;203:1221–1224. Institute of Food Technologists. Guiding principles for optimum food safety oversight and regulation in the United States.
Food Technology
1998;52(5):30,50,52.

44
. GAO.
Food Safety and Quality: Uniform, Risk-Based Inspection System Needed to Ensure Safe Food Supply
(GAO/RCED-92-152), June 1992:6.

45
. Harman JW.
Food Safety: A Unified, Risk-Based System Needed to Enhance Food Safety
(GAO/T-RCED-94-71), November 4, 1993.

46
. Dyckman LJ.
Food Safety: U.S. Needs a Single Agency to Administer a Unified, Risk-Based Inspection System
(GAO/T-RCED-99-256), August 4, 1999.

47
. Kessler DA (FDA Commissioner). Memorandum to the Secretary of DHHS. Washington, DC: DHHS, March 12, 1993.

48
. Burros M. Clinton to battle foodborne illness.
NYT
, January 25, 1997:A1,A7. Marwick C. Putting money where the U.S. mouth is: initiative on food safety gets under way.
JAMA
1997;277:1340–1342.

49
. FDA, EPA, CDC.
Food Safety from Farm to Table: A National Food Safety Initiative: Report to the President
. FDA/EPA/CDC, May 1997, at
www.foodsafety.gov/~dms/fsreport.html
.

50
. Broder JM. Clinton to seek additional money for food safety.
NYT
, December 28, 1997:A1,A17.

51
. Burros M. President to push for food safety: seeks more money, and power to tighten import controls.
NYT
, July 4, 1998:A1,A9.

52
. GAO.
Food Safety: Opportunities to Redirect Federal Resources and Funds Can Enhance Effectiveness
(GAO/RCED-98-224), August 1998.

53
. Leonard R. Food safety proposals may be a health hazard.
Nutrition Week
, August 28, 1998:4–5.

54
. Molotsky I. Clinton to appoint council to oversee safety of food.
NYT
, August 25, 1998:A15. In response to NAS report Clinton appoints a food safety council; no czar.
Nutrition Week
, August 28, 1998:1,6.

55
. USDA, DHHS, EPA. President’s national food safety initiative.
FR
63:45922–45923, August 27, 1998.

56
. DHHS, USDA.
Backgrounder: 2000 President’s Food Safety Initiative
. DHHS/USDA, February 25, 1999. Federal food safety documents are available online:
www.foodsafety.gov
. Endicott RC. 46th annual report: 100 leading national advertisers.
Advertising Age
, September 24, 2001:S1–S26.

57
. Draft food safety strategic plan offers no surprises.
Food Regulation Weekly
, January 17, 2000:6–7.

58
. Food Safety Council strategic plan will get “real,” Levitt promises.
Food Regulation Weekly
, February 14, 2000:11.

59
. USDA/FSIS. Performance standards for the production of processed meat and poultry products; proposed rule.
FR
66:12589–12636, February 27, 2001. Bush administration blocks proposed rule on
Listeria
testing.
Nutrition Week
, January 26, 2001:1–2. USDA released proposed
Listeria
rule from chokehold.
Nutrition Week
, February 23, 2001:6. Burros M. New meat-testing regulation wins backing of White House.
NYT
, February 27, 2001:A21.

60
. Burros M. U.S. proposed end to testing for
Salmonella
in school beef.
NYT
, April 5, 2001:A1,A14. Becker E. Agriculture chief disavows plan to eliminate test on school beef.
NYT
, April 6, 2001:A1,A19. Beers A. USDA reinstates
Salmonella
testing of school-lunch beef.
FCN
, April 9, 2001:3–4.

61
. Jackson D. School lunches: illness on menu, and Jackson D, Dougherty G. Meat from troubled plants sold to U.S. lunch program.
Chicago Tribune
, December 9, 2001:C1,C17.

62
. GAO.
Food Safety: Continued Vigilance Needed to Ensure Safety of School Meals
(GAO-02-669T), April 30, 2002.

63
. Taylor MR. Reforming food safety: a model for the future.
Food Technology
2002;56(5):190–194.

64
. Weber W. The road ahead for the European Food Authority.
Lancet
2001;358:650.

65
. GAO.
Food Safety: Experiences of Four Countries in Consolidating Their Food Safety Systems
(GAO/RCED-99-80), April 1999.

Some parts of these chapters are drawn from articles published previously and are used with their publishers’ permission: Nestle, M. Allergies to transgenic foods—questions of policy,
NEJM
1996;334:726–728 (Massachusetts Medical Society); Food biotechnology: labeling will benefit industry as well as consumers,
Nutrition Today
1998;33(1):6–12 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins);
Food biotechnology: politics and policy implications. In: Kiple KF, Ornelas-Kiple CK, eds.
The Cambridge World History of Food and Nutrition
, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000:1643–1662; Agricultural biotechnology, policy, nutrition. In: Murray TH, Mehlman MJ, eds.
Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, & Policy Issues in Biotechnology
. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000:66–76.

1
. Agricultural Biotechnology: The Road to Improved Nutrition & Increased Production? (conference). Boston, MA: Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy, November 1–2, 2001.

2
. For the origin of
Frankenfoods
, see Safire W. On language.
NYT Magazine
, August 13, 2000:23. Mr. Safire notes that biotechnophobes needed a frightening metaphor, “and the Franken-prefix did the trick.” He credits the term to this letter from Paul Lewis, an English professor at Boston University: “Ever since Mary Shelley’s baron rolled his improved human out of the lab, scientists have been bringing just such good things [genetically modified tomatoes] to life. If they want to sell us Frankenfood, perhaps it’s time to gather the villagers, light some torches, and head to the castle” (
NYT
, June 16, 1992:A24).

3
. Gaull GE, Goldberg RA, eds.
New Technologies and the Future of Food and Nutrition
. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

4
. Fraley R. Sustaining the food supply.
Bio/Technology
1992;10:40–43.

5
. I am indebted to my NYU colleague Dorothy Nelkin for her discussion of these ideas. See: Nelkin D.
Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology
. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1995.

1
. GAO.
Genetically Modified Foods: Experts View Regimen of Safety Tests as Adequate, but FDA’s Evaluation Process Could Be Enhanced
. (GAO-02-566), May 2002. Greenpeace.
How to Avoid Genetically Engineered Food: True Food Shopping List
. Washington, DC, October 2000.

2
. Mann CC. Crop scientists seek a new revolution.
Science
1999;285:310–314.

3
. Gaull GE, Goldberg RA, eds.
New Technologies and the Future of Food and Nutrition
. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1990:97,150. Angell PS. Playing God in the garden (letter).
NYT Magazine
, November 15, 1998:26.

4
. Feldbaum CB.
The Transfer of Agricultural Biotechnology to Developing Countries: A Series of Case Studies
. Washington, DC: Biotechnology Industry Organization, 1996.

5
. Conversion of potatoes (cheap) into potato chips (more expensive, higher profit) is an example of adding value, as is the addition of vitamins to sugar-coated cereals.

6
. Ollinger M, Pope L.
Plant Biotechnology: Out of the Laboratory and into the Field
(Agricultural Economic Report No. 697), USDA, 1995. Leary W. Cornucopia of new foods is seen as policy on engineering is eased.
NYT
, May 27, 1992:A1. Brownlee S. Dollars for DNA: biotech seems near to living up to its
hype.
US News & World Report
, May 25, 1998:48,50. Agricultural biotechnology.
Nature Biotechnology
2000;18(suppl):IT59–IT61.

7
. Vidal J. Special report: GM food debate.
Guardian
(London), August 28, 2001. The planting figures may be conservative; Monsanto alone claimed 103 million acres in 2000.

8
. A group called Syracuse Cultural Workers produces a t-shirt satirizing the original Monsanto slogan as
Lies, Death, Profits
, at
http://syracuseculturalworkers.com/aboutus
.

9
. Monsanto.
2000 Annual Report
. Online:
www.monsanto.com
. Pharmacia divested its 84% stake in Monsanto in 2002.

10
. Enriquez J, Goldberg R.
Gene Research, the Mapping of Life, and the Global Economy
(case study). Boston: Harvard Business School, October 16, 1998.

11
. Caswell MF, Fuglie KO, Klotz CA.
Agricultural Biotechnology: An Economic Perspective
(Agricultural Economic Report No. 687). USDA, 1994. Pennisi E. A bonanza for plant genomics.
Science
1998;282:652–654.