I Am Not a Slut: Slut-Shaming in the Age of the Internet (42 page)

17
       Pamela Ryckman,
Stiletto Network: Inside the Women’s Power Circles That Are Changing the Face of Business
(New York: AMACOM, 2013), 28.

18
       Erin Gloria Ryan, “Slut-Dropping and Other Ways College Teaches Kids to be Sexist Assholes,”
Jezebel
, October 9, 2012, http://jezebel.com/5950287/slut+dropping-and-other-ways-college-teaches-kids-to-be-sexist-assholes.

19
       “A Statement from Rush,” March 3, 2012, www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2012/03/03/a_statement_from_rush.

20
       Richard Pérez-Peña, “After Barnard Gets Obama for Speech, Tensions with Columbia Bubble Up,” March 5, 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/06/nyregion/with-obama-to-speak-at-barnard-strong-emotions-at-columbia.html?_r=0.

21
       Ravenna Koenig, “Lewd, Hateful Language Should Have No Place in Campus Debate,” Women’s Media Center, March 3, 2012, www.womensmediacenter.com/feature/entry/lewd-hateful-language-should-have-no-place-in-campus-debate.

22
       These comments were cited in Katie J. M. Baker, “Barnard, Columbia at War Over Obama, Feminazis, and Cum Dumpsters,”
Jezebel
, March 6, 2012, http://jezebel.com/5890888/barnard-columbia-at-war-over-obama-feminazis-and-cum-dumpsters.

23
       Amy O’Leary, “The Woman with 1 Billion Clicks, Jenna Marbles”
New York Times
, www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/fashion/jenna-marbles.html.

24
       Laura Collins, “Teen girls ‘who made death threats to Steubenville rape victim’ are held in custody ‘to protect victim from immediate harm,’”
Daily Mail
, March 19, 2013, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2295853/Teen-girls-death-threats-Steubenville-rape-victim-held-custody-protect-victim-immediate-harm.html.

25
       Stephen Rodrick, “Serena Williams: The Great One,”
Rolling Stone
, July 4, 2013, www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/serena-williams-the-great-one-20130618.

26
       
Urban Dictionary
, s.v. “Slut,” accessed August 10, 2014, www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=slut.

27
       Guttmacher Institute,
Fact Sheet: American Teens’ Sexual and Reproductive Health
, May 2014, www.guttmacher.org/pubs/FB-ATSRH.html.

28
       Jan Hoffman, “‘Fat Talk’ Compels but Carries a Cost,”
New York Times
, May 28, 2103, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/fat-talk-compels-but-carries-a-cost/.

29
       Sara Rimer, “For Girls, It’s Be Yourself, and Be Perfect, Too,”
New York Times
, April 1, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/us/01girls.html?pagewanted=all.

30
       Donna Lisker, “The Duke University Women’s Initiative,”
On Campus with Women
35, no. 1 (Spring 2006), available at www.aacu.org/ocww/volume35_1/feature.cfm?section=2.

31
       Ringrose,
Postfeminist Education?
, 91.

32
       This quotation is from a personal interview with Elizabeth Semmelhack conducted in July 2009 as part of the research for my book
Bad Shoes and the Women Who Love Them
(New York: Seven Stories, 2010). This quotation appears in that book on page 94.

33
       Rimer, ibid.

34
       Quoted in Penelope Green, “The Rivals,”
New York Times Book Review
, February 15, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/02/15/books/the-rivals.html.

35
       Catherine Hill and Holly Kearl,
Crossing the Line: Sexual Harassment at School
(Washington, DC: American Association of University Women, 2011), www.aauw.org/research/crossing-the-line/. The report is based on a survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,965 students conducted in May and June 2011.

36
       Dan Olweus, “Annotation: Bullying at School: Basic Facts and Effects of a School Based Intervention Program,”
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
35, no. 7 (October 1994): 1173; Dan Olweus, “Bullying or Peer Abuse at School: Facts and Intervention,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
4, no. 6 (December 1995): 197.

37
       Tara Parker-Pope, “Web of Popularity, Achieved by Bullying,”
New York Times
, February 14, 2011, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/web-of-popularity-weaved-by-bullying/; Robert Faris and Diane Felmlee, “Status Struggles: Network Centrality and Gender Segregation in Same- and Cross-Gender Aggression,”
American Sociological Review
76, no. 1 (February 2011): 48–73, http://www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/Faris_FelmleeASRFeb11.pdf.

38
       danah boyd and Alice Marwick, “Bullying as True Drama,”
New York Times
, September 23, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/opinion/why-cyberbullying-rhetoric-misses-the-mark.html/.

39
       Alice Marwick and danah boyd, “The Drama! Teen Conflict, Gossip, and Bullying in Networked Publics” (paper presented at the Oxford Internet Institute’s symposium “A Decade in Internet Time: Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society,” University of Oxford, September 22, 2011), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1926349.

40
       Ibid., 1.

41
       Tamar Lewin, “Teenage Insults, Scrawled on Web, Not on Walls,”
New York Times
, May 5, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/us/06formspring.html.

42
       Emily Bazelon,
Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy
(New York: Random House, 2013), 223.

43
       Oren Yaniv, “Long Island Teen’s Suicide Linked to Cruel Cyberbullies, Formspring.me Site: Police,”
Daily News
, March 25, 2010, www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/long-island-teen-suicide-linked-cruel-cyberbullies-formspring-site-police-article-1.173441; Bianca Bosker, “Alexis Pilkington Facebook Horror: Cyber Bullies Harass Teen Even After Suicide,” Associated Press, posted on the
Huffington Post
, March 24, 2010, www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/24/alexis-pilkington-faceboo_n_512482.html.

44
       Jessica Guynn and Janet Stobart, “Ask.fm: New Social Site, Same Bullying,”
Los Angeles Times
, August 20, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/20/business/la-fi-britain-cyber-bullying-20130820.

45
       Ibid.

46
       Lizette Alvarez, “Girl’s Suicide Points to Rise in Apps Used by Cyberbullies,”
New York Times
, September 13, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/us/suicide-of-girl-after-bullying-raises-worries-on-web-sites.html.

47
       Tina Kelley, “A Rite of Hazing, Now Out in the Open,”
New York Times
, September 18, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2009/09/19/nyregion/19hazing.html.

48
       Andrea Newell, “Sexting and the Slut List: The Double Standard is Alive and Thriving,”
Ecosalon
, April 6, 2011, www.ecosalon.com/sexting-and-the-slut-list-the-double-standard-is-alive-and-thriving/; Rebecca Dube, “‘Smut List’ the Latest in Cyber-Bullying,” Today.com, March 21, 2011, http://www.today.com/parents/smut-list-latest-cyber-bullying-1C7398537.

49
       David Picker, “At Jets Game, a Halftime Ritual of Harassment,”
New York Times
, November 20, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/sports/football/20fans.html.

50
       Anahad O’Connor, “‘Monologues’ Spur Dialogue on Taste and Speech,”
New York Times
, March 8, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/03/08/nyregion/08vagina.html.

51
       Eyder Peralta, “Michigan State Rep Barred From Speaking After ‘Vagina’ Comments,” NPR.org, June 14, 2012, www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/06/14/155059849/michigan-state-rep-barred-from-speaking-after-vagina-comments.

52
       William McGuinness, “Tim McDaniel, Idaho Teacher, Explained ‘Vagina’ in Sex Ed Class, So He’s Being Investigated,”
Huffington Post
, March 28, 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/28/tim-mcdaniel-vagina-sex-education_n_2971710.html.

53
       WCNC staff, “Facebook Apologizes for Removing Breastfeeding Photo,” wcnc.com, December 30, 2011, www.wcnc.com/home/Facebook-does-about-face-on-breast-feeding-photo-136442808.html.

54
       Lizzie Crocker, “‘Fantasy Slut League’: Earning Points for Sexual Encounters in High School,”
Daily Beast
, October 26, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/26/fantasy-slut-league-earning-points-for-sexual-encounters-in-high-school.html.

55
       Spencer Kornhaber, “Horny CSULB Paper Earns Rebuke for Telling Guys to Be ‘Aggressive’ During Sextime,”
OC Weekly
, September 28, 2010, http://blogs.ocweekly.com/navelgazing/2010/09/csulb_paper.php.

56
       Terri D. Conley, Ali Ziegler, and Amy C. Moors, “Backlash From the Bedroom: Stigma Mediates Gender Differences in Acceptance of Casual Sex Offers.”
Psychology of Women Quarterly
37, no. 3 (September 2013): 1–16.

57
       Ibid., 5.

58
       Ibid., 6.

59
       Ibid., 9.

60
       Ibid., 5.

61
       Russell D. Clark III and Elaine Hatfield, “Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers,”
Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality
2, no. 1 (1989): 39–55.

62
       Terri D. Conley, “Perceived Proposer Personality Characteristics and Gender Differences in Acceptance of Casual Sex Offers.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
100, no. 2 (February 2011): 15.

63
       Ibid.

64
       Ibid., 16.

65
       Ibid., 20.

66
       Michael Bamberg, “Form and Functions of ‘Slut Bashing’ in Male Identity Constructions in 15-Year-Olds,”
Human Development
47, no. 6 (November–December 2004): 331–353.

67
       Ibid., 339–340.

68
       Ibid., 341.

69
       Ibid., 348.

70
       Ibid., 349.

71
       Common Sense Media
Social Media, Social Life: How Teens View Their Digital Selves
, June 26, 2012, www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life-how-teens-view-their-digital-lives.

72
       Louis Althusser, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses” in
“Lenin and Philosophy” and Other Essays
, trans. Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), 173–74.

73
       Cited on http://metareddit.com/r/spacedicks+CreepShots, accessed on November 26, 2013.

74
       Michel Foucault,
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
(New York: Vintage, 1979), 200.

75
       Michel Foucault, “The Eye of the Power,” in
Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977
, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 156.

76
       George Orwell,
1984
(New York: Plume, 2003), 3.

77
       Sandra Lee Bartky, “Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power,” in
Feminism and Foucault: Reflections on Resistance
, ed. Irene Diamond and Lee Quinby (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1988). Reprinted in
Writing on the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory
, ed. Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 93–111.

78
       Ibid., 95.

79
       Ibid., 103.

80
       Ibid., 107.

81
       Strawberry Saroyan, “The XXX Files,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 11, 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/11/entertainment/et-saroyan11/2.

82
       Alex Kuczynski, “The Sex-Worker Literati,”
New York Times
, November 4, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/style/the-sex-worker-literati.html; cited in Ariel Levy,
Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture
(New York: Free Press, 2005), 25.

83
       Jennifer Keishin Armstrong and Heather Wood Rudúlph,
Sexy Feminism: A Girl’s Guide to Love, Success, and Style
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), 56.