Gandhi & Churchill (113 page)

61. Ibid., 146.

62. Montagu,
Indian Diary,
58.

63. Letter of April 30, 1918, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
17:12.

64. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
126.

65. Speech at Naidad, June 21, 1918, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
17:79.

66. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
17:86.

67. Letter of April 29, 1918, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
17:8.

68. Green,
Gandhi,
268.

69. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
17:88.

70. Letter of July 6, 1918, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
17:123, 124.

71. Gandhi,
Selected Writings,
56; Gandhi,
Collected Works,
17:124.

72. Payne,
Gandhi,
328.

73. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
127.

74. Moon,
British Conquest,
980.

75. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
131, 129.

CHAPTER 13.
Bloodshed

1. For example, in the United Provinces. See Hasan,
Nationalism and Communal Politics,
181–82.

2. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
3:2875.

3. Moon,
British Conquest,
987.

4. Ibid., 987.

5. Brown,
Rise to Power,
163; Wolpert,
India,
298.

6. Brown,
Rise to Power,
166.

7. Ibid., 169.

8. Quoted ibid., 171.

9. Ibid., 174.

10. Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
253.

11. Ibid., 430.

12. Ibid., 261; Johar,
Heritage of Amritsar,
135.

13. According to Dyer’s own testimony to the Hunter Commission. See Johar,
Heritage of Amritsar,
35. Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
261, says between ten and fifteen minutes. Dyer and his men had expended some 1,650 shells; based on this figure, many believe the actual death toll was closer to five hundred or even a thousand.

14. Payne,
Gandhi,
341–42.

15. Brown,
Rise to Power,
176.

16. Ibid., 232.

17. Johar,
Heritage of Amritsar,
142; Rao, Sastri:
Political Biography,
58.

18. Chaudhuri,
Unknown Indian,
404.

19. Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
387.

20. Brown,
Rise to Power,
233.

21. Ibid., 232–33.

22. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
235.

23. Ibid., 236–37.

24. “The Congress Report on the Disorders in the Punjab,” is in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
20:1–182; see also Johar,
Heritage of Amritsar,
136, 137.

25. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
20:178, 179.

26. Hunter Report, quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
240–41.

27. Editorial,
Young India,
July 20, 1920, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
21:71.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid., 20:376.

30. Charmley,
End of Glory,
146.

31. Jablonsky,
Great Game,
61. In 1915 Churchill envisioned creating armored vehicles on treads large enough to crush lines of barbed wire, as well as “sweep the [German] trenches with machine gun fire.” Churchill was certainly indispensable in bringing the vehicle (code-named tank) into development, production, and finally deployment in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. However, Churchill himself said, “There never was a person about whom it could be said ‘This man invented the tank.’”

32. Quoted in Charmley,
End of Glory,
150.

33. Raymond,
Uncensored Celebrities,
105, 102, 106.

34. Women over twenty-one did not get the vote until 1928. Williams and Ramsden,
Ruling Britannia,
379.

35. Ibid., 382.

36. Curtis,
Commonwealth of Nations.

37. Quoted in Herman,
Idea of Decline,
272.

38. Quoted in Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
690.

39. Quoted ibid., 605; Blunt,
My Diaries,
276.

40. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
671–73.

41. Especially in the face of Germany’s rearmament in the 1930s. In fact, the Ten Year Rule was not reversed until 1935. Manchester,
Visions of
Glory,
691.

42. Wilson diary, May 21, 1920, in Gandhi,
Companion,
4:2:1104.

43. Ibid., 4:2:1214.

44. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
683.

45. “My own opinion is that the offense amounted to murder, or alternatively manslaughter.” Letter to Lord Crewe, July 17, 1920, quoted in Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
382.

46. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
3:2983.

47. Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
379.

48. Wilson diary, May 17, 1920, in Gilbert,
Companion,
4:2:1098.

49. Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
374.

50. Bonar-Law to Churchill, July 8, 1920, in Gilbert,
Companion,
4:2:1140.

51. Quoted in Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
379–80.

52. Ibid., 381.

53. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
183: “He deplored anti-Semitism whenever it arose.” See also Feith, “Palestine and Zionism,” 210–62, esp. 261–62, and Gilbert,
Churchill and the Jews.

54. The text is in Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
3:3005–14.

55. Sir William Sutherland to Lloyd George, July 9, 1920, in Gilbert,
Companion,
4:2:1141.

56. Fisher diary, ibid., 4:2:1140.

57. Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
384.

58. Gilbert,
Companion,
4:2:1136.

59. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
116.

60. Churchill,
Complete Speeches
3:2946.

61. Nehru,
Toward Freedom,
50.

62. Quoted in Collett,
Butcher of Amritsar,
401.

63. Ibid., 401.

64. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
21:47.

65. Brown,
Rise to Power,
252.

CHAPTER 14.
Noncooperation

1. Hasan,
Communal Politics,
9.

2. Minault,
Khilafat Movement,
5.

3. Brown,
Modern India,
127.

4. Quoted in Hasan,
Communal Politics,
107.

5. For example, see Gandhi,
Collected Works,
26:26. This was the result, again, of his view of Indians as united by
race
—which was actually more inclusive of Indian minorities like Muslims, than were the ideologies of either Moderates or Extremists like Tilak.

6. Brown,
Rise to Power,
156, 202.

7. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
20:283.

8. Quoted in Payne,
Gandhi,
349.

9. Green,
Gandhi,
303.

10. Hasan,
Communal Politics,
121.

11. Brown,
Rise to Power,
263.

12. Ibid., 264.

13. Ibid., 266; Hasan,
Communal Politics,
134.

14. Hasan,
Communal Politics,
135.

15. The changes are summarized in Arnold,
Gandhi,
115–17.

16. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
22:252.

17. Blunt,
My Diaries,
276.

18. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
3:2942; Council of Ministers meeting, February 9, 1922, in Gilbert,
Companion,
4:3:1762.

19. Ibid., 4:3:1119.

20. Clayton,
British Empire as Superpower,
112–14.

21. Ibid., 121.

22. Catherwood,
Churchill’s Folly,
81.

23. Haldane,
Insurrection in Mesopotamia,
215.

24. Ibid., 217–18; Catherwood,
Churchill’s Folly,
86.

25. Churchill and Trenchard, August 29, 1920, in Gilbert,
Companion,
4:2:1190.

26. These figures are from Busch,
Britain, India, and Arabs,
408–9.

27. Quoted in Fromkin,
Peace to End All,
452.

28. Quoted in Catherwood,
Churchill’s Folly,
87.

29. Heathcote,
Military in British India,
239.

30. As noted in Keegan,
First World War,
218.

31. Catherwood,
Churchill’s Folly,
104.

32. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
701, 703.

33. Fromkin,
Peace to End All,
499.

34. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
3:3259.

35. Churchill had no problems with the notion of a Jewish homeland, as promised by the Balfour Declaration, although an independent Jewish national state seemed an unwarranted stretch in 1922. See Feith, “Palestine and Zionism,” 262.

36. As promised in the 1922 Treaty of Sèvres. Catherwood,
Churchill’s Folly,
136, 150.

37. Fromkin,
Peace to End All,
424–26, 562.

38. Clayton,
British Empire as Superpower,
41, 295.

39. Gilbert,
Companion,
4:3:1644–45.

40. Quoted in Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
23, and Pearson,
Private Lives,
228.

41. Letter of September 19, 1922, in Gilbert,
Companion,
4:3:1986.

42. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
147.

43. Krishnadas,
Seven Months,
30.

44. Keer,
Mahatma Gandhi,
425.

45. Brown,
Rise to Power,
257; Rao,
Sastri,
87; Payne,
Gandhi,
350.

46. Brown,
Rise to Power,
309.

47. Ibid., 312.

48. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
145.

49. Brown,
Rise to Power,
316–17.

50. Moon,
British Conqest,
653–54.

51. Quoted in Payne,
Gandhi,
354.

52. Krishnadas,
Seven Months.

53. Hasan,
Communal Politics,
165.

54. November 5, 1921, resolution, 25:59, in Gandhi,
Collected Works.

55. Ibid., 25:127.

56. Ibid., 22:1.

57. Payne,
Gandhi,
359–60.

58. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
26:55.

59. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
328.

60. Gilbert,
Companion,
4:2:1762–63.

61. Letter of February 10, 1922, ibid., 4:2:1764–65.

62. Ibid., 4:2:1765.

63. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
26:295.

64. Editorial,
Young India,
January 26, 1922, in ibid., 20:20.

65. Payne,
Gandhi,
361.

66. The text of the statement is in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
26:381–85.

67. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
343.

CHAPTER 15.
Reversal of Fortunes

1. Quoted in Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
745.

2. Quoted in Gilbert,
Churchill
IV, 890.

3. Viscount Templewood,
Nine Troubled Years,
42–43.

4. Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
382. Churchill admitted in
Painting as a Pastime
that the colors were “delicious to squeeze out.”

5. Churchill,
Painting as a Pastime,
222, 226.