Gandhi & Churchill (109 page)

24. Edwardes,
Battles of Mutiny,
23.

25. Hibbert,
Mutiny,
313.

26. The account of events by Lieutenant MacDowell is published in Hodson,
Twelve Years of a Soldier’s Life,
311–14.

27. Ibid., 297, 303.

28. Pyarelal,
Early Phase,
189.

29. Ibid., 190.

30. Meer,
Apprenticeship,
1.

31. See Arnold,
Gandhi,
17.

CHAPTER 1.
The Churchills and the Raj

1. Quoted in R. S. Churchill,
Winston S. Churchill,
1:4–5.

2. Letter to Mrs. L. Jerome, November 30, 1874, in R. S. Churchill,
Companion,
1:1:2.

3. Montgomery-Massingberd,
Blenheim Revisited,
98, 105–7.

4. That included £3,000 from his father-in-law. Pearson,
Private Lives,
42.

5. Ibid., 49.

6. Foster,
Lord Randolph,
25.

7. Most men stopped work when the women and children did, since factories could not function shorthanded. See Mathias,
First Industrial Nation,
183.

8. That cohesiveness was enhanced by the coming of steam power and the telegraph. For a readable account, see Ferguson,
Empire,
165–71.

9. Foster,
Political Life,
66–67. Gladstone’s observations on the Churchills’ lack of principle is found in
ibid.,
127.

10. R. H. S. Churchill,
Speeches of Lord Randolph,
30–31; James,
Lord Randolph,
78.

11. Foster,
Lord Randolph,
69.

12. Ibid., 172.

13. Ibid., 177.

14. Spear,
History of India,
65–66.

15. Moon,
British Conquest,
13–14.

16. Heathcote,
Military in British India,
29–30.

17. Moon,
British Conquest,
56; Moorhouse,
India Britannica,
39.

18. The classic work is Spear,
Nabobs,
but it should be supplemented with Jasonoff,
Edge of Empire.

19. Moon,
British Conquest,
606.

20. Gosh,
Dalhousie in India,
esp. 41–42.

21. Farwell,
Armies of Raj,
51.

22. Moon,
British Conquest,
757.

23. Lloyd,
British Empire 1558–1983,
177.

24. Moorhouse,
India Britannica,
80; Moon,
British Conquest,
781.

25. Hopkirk,
Great Game.

26. Farwell,
Armies of Raj,
51.

27. Ferguson,
Empire,
216.

28. Moorhouse,
India Britannica,
118–20.

29. See Cain,
Hobson and Imperialism,
48. The actual phrase was “a gigantic system of outdoor relief for the aristocracy of Great Britain.”

30. See, for example, Dalrymple,
White Mughals.

31. Moorhouse,
India Britannica,
136.

32. For background, see Herman,
Idea of Decline.

33. Quoted in Hirschmann,
“White Mutiny,”
72.

34. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
62.

35. Quoted in Hirschmann,
“White Mutiny,”
142.

36. Quoted in Farwell,
Armies of Raj,
183.

37. Ibid., 180. See also Streets,
Martial Races.

38. Farwell,
Armies of Raj,
181.

39. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
63.

40. Quoted in editor’s introduction to Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj,
xix–xx.

41. Quoted in Moon,
British Conquest,
773.

42. Ibid., 841.

43. Quoted in ibid., 859. The exception was the 1899–1900 famine, which struck nearly a third of India and killed somewhere between three and four million people. Its effects would have been far worse without Lytton’s measures, which had culminated in 1883 in the Famine Code.

44. Moon,
British Conquest,
772; Mathur,
Lord Ripon’s Administration,
237. The quotation is from one of Ripon’s strongest supporters, the chief commissioner of Assam, but the sentiments are his.

45. Quoted in Hirschmann,
“White Mutiny,”
54, 122.

46. Ibid., 65–66.

47. Ibid., 123.

CHAPTER 2.
Lord Randolph Takes Charge

1. Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:555–64.

2. Letter of December 13, 1884, ibid., 555.

3. Ibid., 557.

4. Letter of January 8, 1885, quoted in Foster,
Lord Randolph,
170.

5. The classic work is Buchanan,
Development.

6. Dilks,
Curzon in India,
1:74.

7. Letter of January 14, 1885, in Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:558.

8. Churchill,
Roving Commission,
1–2, 4.

9. R. S. Churchill,
Companion,
1:1:102–3.

10. Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:560–61.

11. Dufferin,
Our Viceregal Life,
1:55.

12. Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:563; Foster,
Lord Randolph,
172–73.

13. Ibid., 1:563.

14. Foster,
Lord Randolph,
173.

15. Quoted in Beloff,
Imperial Sunset,
1:159–60.

16. Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:474.

17. Ibid., 1:476.

18. That rule changed in 1893. See Beloff,
Imperial Sunset,
1:36.

19. Foster,
Lord Randolph,
212.

20. Ibid., 189–90, 198.

21. Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:519.

22. Foster,
Lord Randolph,
208–9; Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:525.

23. McLane,
Indian Nationalism,
49.

24. Churchill,
Lord Randolph,
1:473.

25. R. S. Churchill,
Winston Churchill,
I: xxix.

26. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
188.

27. R. S. Churchill,
Companion,
1:1:116–19.

28. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
126.

29. Pearson,
Private Lives,
66.

30. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
205.

31. Churchill,
Roving Commission,
43.

32. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
48.

33. R. S. Churchill,
Companion,
1:1, 470–71; letter of April 22, 1894.

34. Churchill,
Roving Commission,
62.

35. Foster,
Lord Randolph,
383, 390.

36. R. H. S. Churchill,
Speeches,
123.

37. Ibid., 136.

38. Quoted in Martin,
New India,
136.

CHAPTER 3.
Illusions of Power

1. Arnold,
Gandhi,
16.

2. Green,
Gandhi,
37.

3. Quoted in Payne,
Gandhi,
16.

4. Devanesen,
Making of Mahatma,
115.

5. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
1.

6. Payne,
Gandhi,
23.

7. Green,
Gandhi,
38.

8. Payne,
Gandhi,
20–21.

9. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
28–29.

10. See Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch:
44. On Brahmanism and Vaishnavism, see Lannoy,
Speaking Tree,
206.

11. Macaulay, “Speech on Government of India,” in
Prose and
Poetry,
718.

12. As noted in Roberts,
History of World,
129, 137.

13. Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj,
90. Buddha, in the
Dhamma-kakka-pavathana-sutta,
is quoted in Keraly,
Gem in Lotus,
217.

14. Keraly,
Gem in Lotus,
35.

15. See Herman,
Influences,
and Pyarelal,
Gandhi,
192.

16. Basham,
Wonder That Was India,
146.

17. The earliest description of the caste system dates from the third century
B.C.E
. and was written by the Greek traveler Megasthenes. See Ghorye,
Caste and Class in India,
1.

18. Chaudhuri,
Continent of Circe,
148.

19. For example, see Fuller,
Caste Today,
esp. introduction.

20. Not surprisingly, this appealed particularly to a non-Brahmin audience. Some scholars see a strong Ksatriya or warrior-class influence in the
Upanishads
; indeed another key figure in this rejection of traditional religious hierarchy, Gautama Buddha, belonged to the Ksatriya class. See Olivelle,
Upanishads,
xxxiv–xxxv.

21. Allen,
Search for Buddha.

22. Roberts,
History of World,
137.

23. Schulberg,
Historic India,
82.

24. Quoted in Basham,
Wonder That Was India,
53.

25. Ibid., 55–56.

26. Allen,
Search for Buddha,
2, 9.

27. According to Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
3.

28. See the indispensable work on popular Hinduism in pre-Mutiny India, Dubois,
Hindu Manners,
305.

29. Moon,
British Conquest,
236–37.

30. Quoted in Moorhouse,
India Britannica,
49.

31. Spear,
India,
101.

32. Mill,
History of British India.
In point of fact, British rule had actually made the caste system more rigid and insular, by codifying the laws of Dharmasastra in order to adjudicate cases in their law courts involving Hindus.

33. Macaulay, “Minute on Indian Education,” in
Prose and Poetry,
722.

34. Ibid., 723.

35. On the British rediscovery of Hinduism, the still indispensable work is Kopf,
British Orientalism.

36. See Stokes,
Peasant Armed.

37. Moon,
British Conquest,
636.

38. Ferguson,
Empire,
216.

39. Kopf,
British Orientalism,
196.

40. Bahadur,
Causes of Indian Revolt,
15.

41. Quoted in Foster,
Lord Randolph,
170.

42. Brown,
Modern India,
128.

43. Hindus (with the exception of Sikhs) were virtually cut out of a military profession that had been traditional to the image of Hindu manhood and that was now drawn almost entirely from “warlike and hardy races” like Muslim Pathans, Punjabis, and Baluchis. Farwell,
Armies of Raj,
181.

CHAPTER 4.
Awakening

1. Green,
Gandhi,
57–58.

2. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
71:132; Green,
Gandhi,
58.

3. Payne,
Gandhi,
40–41.

4. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
10.

5. Ibid., 25, 26–27; Green,
Gandhi,
75.

6. This was in July 1906. Arnold,
Gandhi,
54.

7. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
32.

8. Payne,
Gandhi,
50.

9. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
36–37.

10. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
1: 42.

11. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
1.

12. In an interview with
Vegetarian
magazine in June 1891. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
1:41.

13. Walkowitz,
City of Dreadful Delight,
192–93.